TEM and XRD determination of crystallite size and lattice strain as a function of illite crystallinity in pelitic rocks

Average crystallite size and mean-square strain of illite in rock specimens and clay separates were measured independently in TEM images and by single-line Fourier (Voigt method) profile analysis of the c. 1 nm peak of XRD patterns for a prograde sequence of pelitic rocks (illite crystallinity indices=0.17–0.58°Δ2θ) from the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. The TEM-determined crystallite sizes in clay separates approximate those determined by Fourier profile analyses and those calculated from illite crystallinity indices by the Scherrer equation, with the exception of the diagenetic sample. The crystallite sizes and mean-square strains of illite in rock samples exhibit a trend similar to that determined by profile analyses, but the average crystallite sizes are up to five times larger than those measured for clay separates. TEM images show that all rock samples have a wide range of crystallite sizes, and the proportions of larger crystallites increase with metamorphic grade. The diagenetic illite is defect-rich, fine-grained (mean thickness by volume=c. 70 nm), 1M_d material. Anchizonal illite tends to occur as separate aggregates of small 1M_d and larger 2M₁ crystals (c. 200 nm), comprising arrays of subparallel coalescing packets. The epizone sample has thick (c. 400 nm), defect-free crystals of muscovite occurring in stacks of parallel layers, or subhedral crystals intergrown with large-angle boundaries. Cleaved crystals that are free of intracrystalline layer terminations are dominant in clay separates of all samples, having ranges of smaller sizes with volume-average thicknesses of c. 43, 43, and 81 nm (c. 14, 28, 67 nm by the Voigt method), respectively, for the three zones. The results suggest that illite crystallinity indices do not provide a direct measure of a single microstructural state of illite in rocks, although they yield consistent limits for average crystallite sizes for the anchizone (23 & 48 nm here). Therefore, they serve as a general parameter of the degree of recrystallization on a relative basis, in part because the contributions of all peak-broadening variables (mixed layering, size and strain) decrease regularly with prograde regional metamorphism of pelites. The microstructural changes caused by rock disaggregation are probably a function of those variables as well. The data collectively demonstrate a trend from metastable, defect-rich, small crystals towards a stable assemblage of larger, defect-free crystals, through dissolution of strained crystals and neocrystallization, consistent with the Ostwald step rule.     

含绿泥间蜡石的表观单晶的自组织成因模型

用非平衡热力学和非线性理论研究了含绿泥间蜡石的表观单晶的自组织成因模型。认为缘泥间蜡石的结晶属分子水平的自组织有序结构 ,它是成分间乎两晶层的过饱合含Al硅酸盐溶液在非平衡态、非线性条件下的结晶产物     

绿泥间蜡石微结构的高分辨电镜观察

本文提供高分辨电镜(HRTEM)所得的绿泥问蜡石的[001]、[110]和[100]晶格像。根据大量观察,业已证实绿泥间蜡石c~*方向Co-Py的规则堆垛及绿泥间蜡石晶畴的稳定性,也揭示了绿泥间蜡石雏晶内、外存在的许多有意思的微结构现象。这些现象有锂绿泥石微分凝晶畴;a,b方向的无序;畴间的协调,不协调堆垛和楔形晶层的插入;晶层的弯曲和侧相变;绿泥间蜡石畴内层堆垛的有序/无序。所有上述现象已予解释,并认为这是造或间层矿物一维有序的根本原因。最后,提出不同于基本微粒说的观点,并以自组织理论讨沦了该晶体的生长机理。     

Comparison of diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic evolution of chlorite in associated metapelites and metabasites: an integrated TEM and XRD study

Chlorite is a common sheet silicate that occurs in various lithologies over a wide grade range involving diagenesis and low‐grade metamorphism. Thus, the reaction progress of chlorite offers a unique opportunity for direct correlation of zonal classification of metasedimentary rocks based on illite crystallinity with metabasite mineral facies. To provide such correlation, chlorite crystallinity indices, apparent mean crystallite sizes and lattice strains, crystallite size distributions and compositions of chlorite from coexisting metapelites and metabasites were determined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), analytical electron microscopy (AEM) and electron microprobe (EMP) methods. Samples were from Palaeozoic and Mesozoic formations of the Bükkium (innermost Western Carpathians, Hungary) that underwent Alpine (Cretaceous) orogenic metamorphism. Metapelites range in grade from late diagenesis to epizone, whereas metabasites vary from prehnite–pumpellyite through pumpellyite–actinolite to greenschist facies. Despite significant differences in composition, mineral assemblages and textures, reaction progress, as measured in part by chlorite crystallinity, in metapelites paralleled that in metabasites. Chlorite crystallinity and mean crystallite size increase and the proportion of mixed layers in chlorite decreases, whereas the calculated lattice strain does not change significantly with increasing metamorphic grade. Similar trends, but (especially at higher grades) significant differences, were found in mean crystallite size values using various methods for XRD line profile analyses. The increase in crystallite size with increasing grade was demonstrated also by direct TEM measurements on ion‐milled whole‐rock samples, but with a larger scatter of data at higher grades. In spite of the different kinds of mixed layering in chlorite (Mg‐rich smectitic, mostly random, local corrensite‐like units in metabasites, and Fe‐rich berthierine and dioctahedral smectite in metapelites), XRD‐calculated and TEM‐measured parameters were found to be reliable tools for measuring reaction progress and metamorphic grade of the same degree in both lithotypes.     

珍珠的扫描电镜观察

作者应用扫描电子显微镜,对褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata Leach)不同形成阶段的无核珍珠,对三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii Lea)、大珠母贝(Pinctada maxima Jameson)和马氏珠母贝(P.martensii Dunker)的有核珍珠进行表面和断面的比较观察,以探讨珍珠的形成过程及其细微空间结构。实验表明,珍珠的最内层是不定形的基质,往往还有一些结晶颗粒;在很多珍珠中,紧邻基质层的是或薄或厚的方解石晶层;珍珠的外围是较厚的霰石晶层。组成霰石晶层的单元晶为长3-5微米、宽2-3微米和厚0.2-0.5微米的不规则多边形板块。板块的大小由珍珠囊上皮细胞的表面积决定。随着育珠蚌(贝)的种类不同,霰石单元晶在珍珠表面的融合状况也有所差异,进而造成珍珠质地的差异。实验还观察到了珍珠的一种新的结晶形式。