黄东海夏、冬季颗石藻群落及其分布研究

2009年作者对中国黄东海海域夏季(7月20日至9月1日)与冬季(12月23日至2月5日)的两个季度月的颗石藻群落与分布进行调查研究。2009年夏季,中国黄东海海域调查区共发现21种颗石藻,其优势物种分别为赫氏艾密里藻(Emiliania huxleyi)、大洋桥石藻(Gephyrocapsa oceanica)、纤细伞球藻(Umbellosphaera tenuis)和深水花球藻(Florisphaera profunda)。颗石藻细胞丰度为0.23×103~17.62×103个/L,平均值为2.84×103个/L。2009年冬季,中国黄东海海域调查区共发现20种颗石藻,其优势物种分别为赫氏艾密里藻(E.huxleyi)、大洋桥石藻(G.oceanica)、深水花球藻(F.profunda)和纤细伞球藻(U.tenuis)。颗石藻的细胞丰度为0.12×103~35.35×103个/L,平均值为3.84×103个/L。本文系统地研究了颗石藻在我国黄、东海陆架海域的分布(特别是垂直分布),并对其作出了描述与分析,以期为关于中国海颗石藻群落分布等基础性研究提供可靠资料。     

Calcium isotope fractionation in coccoliths of cultured Calcidiscus leptoporus, Helicosphaera carteri, Syracosphaera pulchra and Umbilicosphaera foliosa

Four species of marine calcifying algae, the coccolithophores Calcidiscus leptoporus, Helicosphaera carteri, Syracosphaera pulchra and Umbilicosphaera foliosa were grown in laboratory cultures under temperatures varying between 14 and 23 °C, and one species, C. leptoporus, under varying [CO₃²⁻], ranging from 105 to 219 μmol/kg. Calcium isotope compositions of the coccoliths resemble in both absolute fractionation and temperature sensitivity previous calibrations of marine calcifying species e.g. Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophores) and Orbulina universa (planktonic foraminifera) as well as inorganically precipitated CaCO₃, but also reveal small species specific differences. In contrast to inorganically precipitated calcite, but similar to E. huxleyi and O. universa, the carbonate ion concentration of the medium has no statistically significant influence on the Ca isotope fractionation of C. leptoporus coccoliths; however, combined data of E. huxleyi and C. leptoporus indicate that the observed trends might be related to changes of the calcite saturation state of the medium. Since coccoliths constitute a significant portion of the global oceanic CaCO₃ export production, the Ca isotope fractionation in these biogenic structures is important for defining the isotopic composition of the Ca sink of the ocean, one of the key parameters for modelling changes to the marine Ca budget over time. For the present ocean our results are in general agreement with the previously postulated and applied mean value of the oceanic Ca sink (Δ_sed) of about − 1.3‰, but the observed inter- and intra-species differences point to possible changes in Δ_sed through earth history, due to changing physico-chemical conditions of the ocean and shifts in floral and faunal assemblages.     

Living coccolithophores in the western Pacific Ocean with mesoscale eddies

Living coccolithophores(LCs) are regarded as a group of calcifiers and play important roles in global carbon cycle.This study used microscopic observations of LCs in the western Pacific Ocean to investigate their community structure and biodiversity,especially to test whether local physical traits(mesoscale eddies) could explain their biogeographic distributions during autumn of 2017.The coccolithophore calcite inventory based on carbon-volume transformation was estimated in this study.A total of 28 taxa of coccospheres and 19 types of coccoliths were identified from 161 samples.Gephyrocapsa oceanica was the most predominant species in all the coccolithophore community,followed by Florisphaera profunda,Emiliania huxleyi,Umbilicosphaera sibogae,Gladiolithusflabellatus and Umbellosphaera tenuis.The abundance of coccospheres and coccoliths ranged from 0 to 26.8×10~3 cells/L and from 0 to 138.5×10~3 coccoliths/L,averaged at 4.2×10~3 cells/L and 10.9×10~3 coccoliths/L,respectively.This study indicated that coccolithophore community in the survey area can be clustered into four groups.Three ecological niches of coccolithophores were characterized by their vertical profiles and multivariate statistical analysis.Coccolithophore abundance and species composition were remarkably different among warm-eddy region,G.oceanica dominated warm-eddy region,while F.profunda dominated warm-eddy and none-eddy region.The average values of estimated particulate inorganic carbon,particulate organic carbon were0.197 μg/L and 0.140 μg/L,respectively.The current field study widened the dataset of coccolithophores in western Pacific Ocean.     

中国黄渤海春秋季今生颗石藻

The living coccolithophores(LCs) are an important class of calcified taxa of phytoplankton functional groups,and major producers of marine biogenic inorganic carbon,playing an important role in the marine carbon cycle.In this study,we report the two-demensional abundance,composition of LCs and its correlation with the environmental parameters in spring and autumn,in order to understand the ecological role of LCs in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea.In spring,totally 9 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified using a polarized microscope at the 1 000× magnification.The dominant species were Emiliania huxleyi,Gephyrocapsa oceanica,Helicosphaera carteri,and Calcidiscus leptoporus.The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0–7.72cells/m L,and 0–216.09 coccoliths/m L,with the average values of 0.21 cells/m L,and 11.36 coccoliths/m L,respectively.The Emiliania huxleyi distribution was similar to Gephyrocapsa oceanica.The highest abundance of coccoliths was observed in the east of Shandong Peninsula in northern Yellow Sea,whereas Helicosphaera carteri distributed more widely.Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica were the two predominant species in LCs with higher abundances.The distribution of LCs was similar to that of coccoliths.In autumn,14 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified with dominant species as Emiliania huxleyi,Gephyrocapsa oceanica,Helicosphaera carteri,Calcidiscus leptoporus and Oolithotus fragilis.The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0–24.69 cells/m L,and 0–507.15 coccoliths/m L,with the average values of 1.47 cells/m L,and55.89 coccoliths/m L,respectively.The highest abundance of coccoliths was located in Qingdao coastal waters and south of the survey area.The distribution of LCs was similar to the coccoliths; in addition,LCs presented large abundance in the east of the central Yellow Sea area.     

The coccolithophore summer–autumn assemblage in the upwelling waters of Portugal: Patterns of mesoscale distribution (1985–2005)

A study of the mesoscale distribution of phytoplankton communities observed along the Portuguese upwelling coast in 1985–1986 made it possible to identify an assemblage composed by the coccolithophores Helicosphaera carteri, Syracosphaera pulchra and Coronosphaera mediterranea. The assemblage was consistently present in the coast in the following years (1991, 1992, 1994, 2003 and 2005) and from 1992 onwards, Rhabdosphaera clavigera was recognised as being part of it, although in low concentrations During late summer, this group of species showed higher affinities with upwelling waters of subtropical origin (ENACWst) on the SW coast. At the end of the upwelling season, in autumn, the assemblage was advected to the NW shelf due to the intensification of the poleward surface circulation or meridional seasonal changes of environmental conditions. The species maximum abundances were not coincident in space: H. carteri developed at the central part of the western coast while blooms of S. pulchra and C. mediterranea generally occurred further south, such as at the upwelling centre of cape S. Vicente. Syracosphaera pulchra blooms were characterised by lower concentrations of C. mediterranea and vice-versa. The above patterns were recurrent along the years but the relative abundance of each species appeared related to the interannual variability of physical conditions as the upwelling.     

南沙群岛海域第四纪颗石藻类初步研究

通过对南沙海域表层沉积及活塞钻孔中颗石藻化石相对丰度和属种分异度的分析,得出颗石藻的组合面貌,并讨论了影响颗石藻组合的环境因素及晚更新世以来的气候变化。     

不同铁浓度对一种颗石藻Emiliania huxleyi的生长及光合作用的影响

为探讨铁对颗石藻生长及光合作用的影响, 以分离于秘鲁上升流区域的两株不同基因型的赫胥黎艾氏藻Emiliania huxleyi RCC6660与RCC6666为研究对象, 在调整5种铁浓度(0、50、100、500、1 000 nmol/L)的Aquil培养基中培养, 比较其生长率、色素含量、营养盐消耗、颗粒有机物含量及叶绿素荧光特性参数的差异。实验结果表明: 铁浓度未对两株藻的生长产生显著影响, 但0 nmol/L时RCC6660的比生长率显著高于RCC6666(P < 0.05)。随着铁浓度的减少, 细胞粒径和体积减小, 最大电子传递速率(rETR_max)和表观光能利用效率降低。我们推测RCC6660为了保护细胞在低铁时免受光损伤, 通过叶黄素循环以及高度钙化的外壳实现光保护, 而RCC6666通过更多其他形式的非光化学荧光淬灭的手段。由于钙化是个耗能过程, 低钙化的RCC6666的光能利用效率在低铁浓度下也更高。但RCC6660的rETR_max更大, 拥有较高的光合潜力, 这可能与其拥有的更高含量的色素有关。本研究揭示了不同基因型、不同钙化程度的两株Emiliania huxleyi对不同铁浓度的差异响应, 及铁限制条件下光保护机制和光能利用的不同, 为进一步研究光合和钙化作用的偶联机制提供了参考。     

越南岸外上升流区45万年来上层海水变化的颗石藻证据

对位于南海西部越南岸外的MD05-2901柱状样45万年以来深海沉积样品进行了颗石藻分析,通过Florisphaera profunda百分含量讨论了营养跃层深度变化的趋势,并利用Beaufort等的经验公式计算了初级生产力。结果表明,45万年以来越南岸外上升流区海水营养跃层深度和初级生产力都经历了4个比较明显的变化阶段。频谱分析表明该区F.profunda百分含量和初级生产力都受到岁差和半岁差周期的控制。与南海南部ODP1143站研究资料对比表明,两地区上层海水变化趋势基本一致,都受到东亚夏季风和地球轨道岁差和半岁差周期的驱动。     

颗石藻Emiliania huxleyi对升温和温度波动响应的株间效应

在全球气候变化的背景下,极端天气频发,海洋生物也将受到环境异质性的影响,即环境条件基于平均水平的震荡变化。为研究温度波动变化对海洋碳循环中的重要种群颗石藻的影响,采用半连续培养的方式对海洋颗石藻优势种赫氏颗石藻(Emiliania huxleyi)的非钙化株系与钙化株系分别进行模拟培养实验,探究颗石藻在低(20℃)和高(25℃)平均温度下对升温及温度波动变化的响应。结果表明,升温与温度波动对两株E.huxleyi的生长均起到了抑制作用,而升温和温度波动变化对两株E.huxleyi的生长速率以及胞内碳水化合物含量、非钙化株系的颗粒有机碳含量及钙化株系的蛋白质和颗粒物无机碳含量、碳氮比及沉降速率产生了显著的交互效应,温度的波动变化在一定程度上增强了颗石藻应对升温的适应性。通过对两株系的生理响应结果进行对比分析,发现非钙化株系各生理参数对升温和温度波动变化更为敏感,表明颗石藻的钙化作用可能对其应对环境波动下的极端环境条件起缓冲保护作用。升温和温度波动变化显著削弱了颗石藻的沉降速率,可能会对颗石藻相关的海洋碳沉降与输出产生显著的削弱效应。因此,为了更准确地预测海洋颗石藻对气候变化的响应,未来相关研究需要考虑叠加在升温基础上的温度波动变化对颗石藻的生理生态学效应。     

东濮凹陷古近系成烃生物特征及其生烃潜力研究

通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜对东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组烃源岩的成烃生物进行了研究。结果显示，研究区沙河街组的成烃生物发育，种类繁多，主要包括沟鞭藻、绿藻、蓝藻、颗石藻等。发育于东濮凹陷北部咸水区的成烃生物优势组合是沟鞭藻、蓝藻、颗石藻，且三者均可形成藻纹层；南部淡水区的成烃生物优势组合是绿藻及高等植物，发育于块状泥岩之中。对分别取于咸水区和淡水区的两个样品进行了热模拟实验，实验结果显示，北部咸水区的蓝藻和颗石藻的生烃潜力高，生油门限低，在低熟阶段即可大量生油，生成低熟油的控制因素是蓝藻的勃发；沟鞭藻和绿藻类的生油门限较高，其中沟鞭藻由于能大量勃发，是重要的成烃生物；南部淡水区的绿藻类较沟鞭藻类生烃潜力更低，生油门限更高。