Late pleistocene (Devensian) glaciofluvial outwash at Banc-y-Warren,near Cardigan (west Wales)

On the southwest-facing slopes of a bedrock ridge lying between Cardigan Bay to the north and the Afon Teifi to the south stands a group of hills in which 30-35 m of cross-laminated and parallel-laminated sands with lenticular upward-fining gravel sequences are overlain by 10-12 m of gravel in a single foreset bed. The sediments mantle a surface of till sloping gently toward the southwest, were transported toward the southwest (across one margin of the Afon Teifi valley), and were cut by a system of densely arranged conjugate normal faults striking northwest-southeast. The lenticular gravels and fault system suggest that the deposits accumulated as a glaciofluvial outwash spread, and on top of an ice-lobe that became isolated in the Teifi valley during the downwasting of a glacier which had occupied Cardigan Bay and much of the country to the south. The large gravel foresets capping the succession are the only indication at Banc-y-Warren of the former existence of a lake, but neither a large nor deep body of water need be envisaged.     

可可西里盆地早渐新世雅西措群爬升沙纹层理及其沉积环境意义

可可西里盆地早渐新世雅西措群砂岩极其发育爬升沙纹层理,形成于沉积物来源供给太快太多而不能随流体一起迁移,从而产生向上的加积。雅西措群砂岩主要包括迎水坡侵蚀的A型和迎水坡沉积的B1型两种,其中,A型沙纹层理单个层系厚一般约为2cm,爬升角小于7°;B1型沙纹层单个层系厚一般为4cm,爬升角介于10o～20o之间。这两种爬升沙纹层形成于变速流、非稳定流或变速非稳定流,主要归于砂质碎屑流和底流,平均流速在11～60cm/s之间,堆积速度可以达到0.1g/cm2s,发育于浅湖环境的三角洲前缘沉积。雅西措群爬升沙纹层理发育于青藏高原的早渐新世快速隆升作用和全球变冷变干气候条件下。     

Clastic injectites,internal structures and flow regime during injection: The Sea Lion Injectite System,North Falkland Basin

This paper details and describes a suite of 143 sub-seismic-scale clastic injectites encountered within the early Cretaceous, early post-rift of the deep-lacustrine North Falkland Basin. The injectites, referred to here as the Sea Lion Injectite System, are encountered below, above and in between the hydrocarbon-bearing, deep-lacustrine turbidite sandstones of the Bleaker 30, Sea Lion North, Sea Lion, Casper and Beverley fans. Sedimentary structures are documented within the injectites including: planar laminations, mud-clast imbrication and clast alignment. Clasts align along centimetre-scale foresets formed through ripple-scale bedform migration in a hydraulically-open fracture. The style of flow within the injectite system is interpreted as initially through fluid turbulence during an open fracture phase, which was followed by a later stage where laminar flow dominated, most likely during the closing phase of the fracture system. The host rocks display evidence for ductile deformation, which along with ptygmatic folding of dykes and internally injected mud-clasts, suggests a period of injection into relatively uncompacted sediments. Evidence for brittle fracturing, in the form of stepped margins may be indicative of a separate phase of emplacement into more-compacted sediments. This variability in deformation styles is related to multi-phased injection episodes into host strata at different stages of consolidation and lithification at shallow burial depths. Injectites have been identified in four stratigraphic groupings: above the Bleaker 30 Fan and within/above the Sea Lion North Fan; within the hydrocarbon-bearing Sea Lion Fan; overlying the Sea Lion Fan; and above/below the hydrocarbon-bearing Casper and Beverley fans. This spatial association with the hydrocarbon-bearing fans of the North Falkland Basin is important, considering the ability of injectite networks to form effective fluid-flow conduits in the subsurface. Consequently, the findings of this study will improve the characterization of sub-seismic scale injectites (and therefore fluid conduits) within otherwise impermeable strata.