One hundred years of mountain hydrology in Switzerland by the WSL

In 1903 the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL started its first forest hydrology measurements with the aim to deliver a sound scientific basis for the implementation of new forest legislation introduced in Switzerland in 1876. This legislation was triggered by several large floods that occurred in Switzerland, for which a major cause was widely seen as the poor condition of forests at that time. Consequently, hydrologic research at WSL first focused on the influence of forests on floods. In the second half of the 20th century, other hydrological issues such as water quality, snow hydrology and sediment transport complemented the hydrologic research at WSL. Some recent results of this work are presented in three papers joining this introductory paper to mark the 100th anniversary of hydrologic research at WSL. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preliminary optical classification of lakes and coastal waters in Estonia and south Finland

A preliminary optical classification of lakes in Estonia and south Finland which can also be used for small bays of the Baltic Sea is elaborated. The classification is based on the optical properties of water (diffuse attenuation coefficient, diffuse reflectance) and parameters that are routinely monitored in water bodies (Secchi depth, concentration of chlorophyll-a, total suspended matter and yellow substance). The data complex used for our classification covers different types of water ecosystems (ranging from oligotrophic to hypertrophic) and the variability of water constituent concentrations in the ice-free period in Estonia and south Finland. Using cluster analysis, we found 5 optical classes of waters: clear (C), moderate (M), turbid (T), very turbid (V) and brown (B). There is satisfactory correspondence between class of water, shape of diffuse attenuation coefficient and diffuse reflectance spectra and trophic state of the lakes.     

Coastal geomorphic evolution at the Denglou Cape, the Leizhou Peninsula

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煤层气固井声幅测井方法探讨

影响煤层气固井声幅测井的因素较多,如地层软硬变化大、套管内径或壁厚不均、仪器不居中、发射能量不足、接收灵敏度不够等,这些因素的存在将会导致首波丢失、时差曲线产生周波跳跃或波动现象。为提高煤层气固井声幅测井质量,要尽量保证所用仪器外径接近套管内径,以减少无效传播和能量损失,另外需提高仪器的发射能量及接收灵敏度;在自由套管和声波强吸收地层,必须保证自由套管首波不限幅、声波强吸收地层首波不丢失。在现场解释时,一般以＂自由套管＂处的偏转幅度值A为标准,将固井声幅曲线幅度的20%A和40%A作为分界点,评价固井效果。     

第二次土地调查若干问题探讨

第二次土地调查的目的是全面查清全国土地利用状况,掌握真实的土地基础数据,如何保证调查的质量?文章以江阴市为例进行探讨。     

An evaluation of residential air radon concentrations and related variables in southeast Michigan,USA

Analysis of 153 residential air radon (Rn-222) screening measurements from southeast Michigan indicates that basements host Rn levels two to three times higher than upper-level rooms. Compared to unfinished basements, finished (e.g., paneled walls, tiled floors) basements apparently reduce indoor air Rn levels while partially finished basements may not. Factor analysis of residence questionnaire data explains 59 percent of the Rn data variance. The volume of pathways (e.g., foundation cracks/holes, uncapped sumps) allowing Rn seepage into the dwelling controls the largest portion, 23 percent, of the explained data variance. The residence water source explains 11 percent of the Rn data variance. Groundwater Rn levels contribute to the air Rn data variability, but the study data cannot quantitatively assess this contribution. Seven percent of the Rn data variance is likely controlled by house depressurization facilitated by residence structural properties. Residences with foundation cracks or poorly sealed joints and low-volume indoor-outdoor air exchange are more prone to this effect. Eighteen percent of the explained Rn data variance correlates with the residence's primary heat source. Evidently, operating combustion sources also induce house depressurization and allow Rn to be drawn into the house through entry paths. Twenty-four percent of the analyses equal or exceed 4 pCi/1 Rn. In residences occupied 5 years by the same individuals, 17 percent of the Rn data are 4 pCi/l; here the arithmetic mean air Rn level is 8.3 pCi/l and the average occupancy period 17.4 years.     

区域土壤环境地球化学研究——异常成因判别·环境质量·污染程度评价的思路与方法

从概念内涵和应用目标出发,认为土壤环境地球化学质量评价应该分为质量现状和污染程度两个方面.在此基础上探讨了区域地球化学资料在土壤环境现状质量评价、异常成因识别、污染元素累积速率和土壤污染程度评价研究的基本思路和方法.     

陕西省地下水水质监测发展探析

本文针对陕西省地下水水质监测控制范围局限于农灌区，监测项目单一的现状，通过分析研究，提出水质监测的发展思路，剖析实现新思路的相关条件。