The status of geological dredging techniques

Scientific sea-floor dredging is currently used in marine geology primarily by the hard-rock community interested in the recovery of basement rock samples from the unsedimented deep ocean floor. The technique has generally been eclipsed by ocean drilling for recovery of sedimentary rocks, because of perceived uncertainties in the location of sampling and in the representativeness of recovered material. This contribution reviews dredging equipment currently in use by marine geological institutions and refers to pinger attachments that allow precise information on the behaviour of the dredge to be telemetered back to the ship. We argue that improvements in ship navigation and transponder navigation at the seafloor, when used in conjunction with surface and/or deeply towed sidescan and swathemapping surveys, now allow for considerably less uncertainty on the location of dredge sampling. Refined sorting criteria for dredge hauls are now also available. Recent comparisons of regional sample recovery by ocean drilling and by dredge sampling indicate that the dredge hauls can usefully supplement the drilling data in the construction of sedimentary and tectonic histories of seafloor areas.     

Geomechanical model for the post-Variscan evolution of the Permocarboniferous–Mesozoic basins in Northeast Germany

The Permocarboniferous basins in Northeast Germany formed on the heterogeneous and eroded parts of the Variscan orogene and its deformed northern foreland. Transtensional tectonic movements and thermal re-equilibration lead to medium-scale crustal fragmentation, fast subsidence rates and regional emplacement of large amounts of mostly acidic volcanics. The later basin formation and differentiation was triggered by reversals of the large-scale stress field and reactivation of prominent zones of weakness like the Elbe Fault System and the Rhenohercynian/Saxothuringian boundary that separate different Variscan basement domains in the area. The geomechanical behaviour of the latter plays an important role for the geodynamic evolution of the medium to large-scale structural units, which we can observe today in three dimensions on structural maps, geophysical recordings and digital models. This study concentrates on an area that comprises the southern Northeast German Basin, the Saale Basin, the Flechtingen High, the Harz Mountains High and the Subhercynian Basin. The presented data include re-evaluations of special geological and structural maps, the most recent interpretation of the DEKORP BASIN 9601 seismic profile and observations of exposed rock sections in Northeast Germany. On the basis of different structural inventories and different basement properties, we distinguish two structural units to the south and one structural unit to the north of the Elbe Fault System. For each unit, we propose a geomechanical model of basin formation and basin inversion, and show that the Rhenohercynian Fold and Thrust Belt domain is deformed in a thin-skinned manner, while the Mid-German Crystalline Rise Domain, which is the western part of the Saxothuringian Zone, rather shows a thick-skinned deformation pattern. The geomechanical model for the unit north to the Elbe Fault System takes account to the fact that the base of the Zechstein beneath the present Northeast German basin shows hardly any evidence for brittle deformation, which indicates a relative stable basement. Our geomechanical model suggests that the Permocarboniferous deposits may have contributed to the structural stiffness by covering small to medium scale structures of the upper parts of the brittle basement. It is further suggested that the pre-Zechstein successions underneath the present Northeast German basin were possibly strengthening during the Cretaceous basin inversion, which resulted in stress transfer to the long-lived master faults, as indicated for example by the shape of the salt domes in the vicinity of the latter faults. Contrary to this, post-Zechstein successions deformed in a different and rather complex way that was strongly biased by intensive salt tectonic movements.     

用Pg波走时重建华北地区结晶基底速度及时间项图像

应用层析成象以投影方法，对华北地区２８条深地震剖剖面地震测深剖面Ｐｇ波走时进行处理，作出该区结晶基底速度及时间项成像。并作了方法的数值模型合成数据的敏感性分析，证明所采用有效性及成象结果的可靠性。计算中应用ＬＳＱＲ算法求解大型稀疏超定方程。并采用只存储矩阵非零元素技术，使存储量减小到原矩阵百分之一，同时零元素不参数加计算，提高了运算速度。华北地区结昌基底速度为５．９－６．３５ｋｍ／ｓ，时间最大为２     

华南（东）变质基底特征、古构造型式及铀、金矿化远景

华南（东）变质基底由杨子及华夏两块不同特征的地质体组成，中元古代之后，该地区分别经过了碰撞对接、拉开、再拼贴的演化过程。碰撞对接带和在古裂谷系基础上成型的陆内推覆及平移、剪切型拼贴带构成了本区基底构造主要型式。铀及金矿远景与基底特征关系密切，铀矿主要产于基底裂隆带部位，金则主要产于裂凹（裂陷）带部位。古基底构造交叉部位是中新生代构造活动活跃部位，受其控制的早期横向火山裂谷盆地，在晚期拉张条件下形成的岩浆杂岩带是铀、金、多金属成矿最佳远景区。     

黑龙江东南部穆棱地区“麻山群”的特征及花岗岩锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年——对佳木斯地块最南缘地壳演化的制约

通过对佳木斯地块南缘穆棱地区常兴村-新兴村剖面的研究,认为这里是“麻山群”和“黑龙江群”的结合部位．具有古大陆边缘的性质。穆棱地区的“麻山群”为佳木斯地块南缘的陆壳基底,其南侧的“黑龙江群”为包括洋壳残片在内的增生-碰撞杂岩。对“麻山群”混合岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果表明：佳木斯地块存在中-新元古代的结晶基底,并遭受到约500Ma变质作用的影响。侵入“麻山群”杂岩的花岗岩的岩石学、地球化学研究表明,这些花岗岩具有S型花岗岩的特征;其SHRIMP锆石U—Pb分析表明,其形成年龄为486Ma＋3Ma,略晚于前人确定的“麻山群”杂岩约500Ma的麻粒岩相变质作用,为同碰撞或碰撞后花岗岩。这些资料进一步证明,该地区可能经历了晚泛非-早加里东期的碰撞造山作用。     

吉林延边地区斑岩型-浅成热液型金铜矿床

吉林延边地区为我国滨太平洋带的一个重要的金属成矿区，与中生代火山－次火山－侵入活动胶在的斑岩型－浅成热液矿床在时空上，成因上构成一个成矿系列，本文选择四个代表性矿床（小西南岔，闹枝，五凤和刺猬沟），较详细地介绍它们的成矿地质背景，矿床地质特征、流体包裹体，稳定同位素及成矿机制等。通过这些矿床的描述，勾画出一幅从中生代火山盆地边缘的隆起带的斑岩矿床（小西南岔）→中生代火山盆地边缘的隆起带的斑岩型矿岩     

藏北羌塘盆地基底高级变质岩LA—ICP—MS锆石U—Pb年龄及其地质意义

俄久卖高级变质岩位于藏北羌塘盆地中央隆起带北缘的玛依岗日地区,是目前羌塘盆地基底高级变质岩石的唯一代表。该高级变质岩由正片麻岩和副片麻岩组成,本文以正片麻岩为研究重点。正片麻岩锆石CL图像显示出明显的核一幔一边结构。根据LA—ICP—MS锆石u—Pb测年结果,锆石核部年龄范围为242~2490Ma,记录了岩浆岩源岩的年代信息：锆石幔部具有典型的岩浆振荡环带结构,年龄为207Ma±2Ma,相应的Th／u值介于0．02-0．30之间,代表正片麻岩原岩的岩浆结晶时代．该年龄与羌塘中部地区晚三叠世高压变质作用和岛弧岩浆作用在时空上相对应。锆石增生边的年龄为161～197Ma．对应的Th／u值介于0．02-0．15之间,代表片麻岩发生主变质作用的时代,可能是班公湖一怒江洋盆向北的俯冲消减作用在羌塘中部地区的响应。地球化学资料显示,正片麻岩具有类似岛弧型火山岩的地球化学特征。综合区域地质资料,俄久卖高级变质岩原岩的形成与区域上广泛存在的晚三叠世构造、岩浆及角度不整合事件相对应,可能指示羌塘盆地统一基底的形成时代为晚三叠世。这对深入认识羌塘盆地基底的时代、性质及含油气盆地资源远景评价等具有重要意义。     

珠江口盆地前新生代先存断裂特征及动力背景

前人针对珠江口盆地前新生代开展过大量研究,但对盆地的原始构造格局仍缺乏统一认识。在高精度三维地震资料的基础上,笔者采用“定性+定量”先存断裂综合识别技术,识别出珠江口盆地惠州凹陷和番禺4洼前新生代基底发育的先存断裂583条。按照断裂是否断穿Tg和断裂倾角大小,将先存断裂分为4类：高角度节理、低角度节理、高角度活化断层和低角度活化断层;按断裂走向划分,将先存断裂分为NW-NWW向和NE-NEE向2组。燕山期晚侏罗—早白垩世,古太平洋板块对华南板块沿NW向正向俯冲,形成NE-NEE向逆冲断裂;燕山期晚白垩世,古太平洋板块对华南板块斜向俯冲产生左旋挤压应力场导致NW-NWW向逆冲断裂形成。这些先存断裂从源头上控制了珠江口盆地的构造格局,为研究盆地后续演化提供了重要支撑。     

雄安新区航磁推断的三维基底构造特征

雄安新区地处平原厚覆盖区,前新生界岩性基底结构与构造是城市规划与开发的重要依据.本文依据1988年在雄安新区及周边开展航空磁测及伽马能谱测量成果,重新整理了岩矿石物性、磁场及推断岩性构造图等资料,分析了基底构造及油气分布区特征,给出了三维岩性构造图.分析认为该地区的区域地壳深部结构相对稳定.