Environmental control of growth and BChl a expression in an aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium, Erythrobacter longus (DSMZ6997)

1Introduction Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria(AAPB) are facultative heterotrophs that can utilizelight for photosynthesis. These unique-functioningbacteria are widely distributed in marine environ-ments, such as coastal waters (Shiba et al., 1991…     

三种碳源对乌梁素海好氧不产氧光合细菌群落结构的影响

好氧不产氧光合细菌(AAPB)营光合异养,在水体碳循环中起着重要作用.但是,碳源对AAPB群落结构的影响尚不明确.本文基于16S rDNA和光合反应中心合成中的关键基因——pufM基因,运用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术,比较分析了在微生物分离培养中常用的3种碳源(葡萄糖、丙酮酸钠、酵母提取物)对乌梁素海水体总细菌及AAPB群落结构的影响.结果表明,不同碳源诱导7~21 d后,水体总细菌群落丰富度及多样性指数均有不同程度的提升,AAPB群落则呈现先升后降的趋势.3种碳源中,丙酮酸钠添加后对总细菌及AAPB菌群的丰富度和多样性的提升效果最好.测序及系统发育结果表明,乌梁素海水体经诱导后新检测到了一些原环境中未发现的菌属,一些具有特殊碳代谢能力的菌属丰度得到了提升.本研究为充分认识和理解AAPB的生态学作用和意义,及其富集、分离和培养提供了基础依据.     

南、北极近岸海水中好氧不产氧光合基因pufM的多样性

好氧不产氧光合(AAP)细菌因其具有利用溶解性有机物及光能的能力,在海洋碳循环及能量流动中发挥着重要的作用。该类细菌广泛分布在海洋环境中,其在不同生境中的多样性已被调查。但到目前为止,人们对于高纬度地区好氧不产氧光合细菌的认识还较为缺乏。有鉴于此,本研究基于编码光反应复合物上一个色素结合蛋白亚基的pufM基因,对北极王湾及南极乔治王岛近岸水体中夏季好氧不产氧光合细菌的多样性进行了检测。针对2个王湾站位和2个南极麦克斯维尔湾站位构建了4个pufM基因克隆文库,获得674个阳性克隆子。北极克隆子全部由α-变形细菌组成,而南极克隆子则包括α-变形细菌及β-变形细菌。来源于类似红细菌科的pufM基因在所有样品中皆占据优势。此外,与一株滴状亚硫酸盐杆菌中质粒编码的pufM基因存在亲缘关系的序列,在南、北极样品中均占优势。结果表明海洋环境中的pufM基因存在跨极甚至是环球分布。与此同时,南、北极序列之间的差异,也表明了极地地方种的存在。这些结果显示,作为好氧不产氧光合细菌的红细菌科在两极的近岸水体中具有重要的地位。     

Microbiological processes in banded iron formation deposition

Banded iron formations have been studied for decades, particularly regarding their potential as archives of the Precambrian environment. In spite of this effort, the mechanism of their deposition and, specifically, the role that microbes played in the precipitation of banded iron formation minerals, remains unresolved. Evidence of an anoxic Earth with only localized oxic areas until the Great Oxidation Event ca 2·45 to 2·32 Ga makes the investigation of O₂‐independent mechanisms for banded iron formation deposition relevant. Recent studies have explored the long‐standing proposition that Archean banded iron formations may have been formed, and diagenetically modified, by anaerobic microbial metabolisms. These efforts encompass a wide array of approaches including isotope, ecophysiological and phylogeny studies, molecular and mineral marker analysis, and sedimentological reconstructions. Herein, the current theories of microbial processes in banded iron formation mineral deposition with particular regard to the mechanisms of chemical sedimentation and post‐depositional alteration are described. The main findings of recent years are summarized and compared here, and suggestions are made regarding cross‐disciplinary information still required to constrain the role of the biosphere in banded iron formation deposition.     

Rogoznica Lake(Croatia),a Unique Euxinic Seawater System on the Adriatic Coast

正1 Introduction Rogoznica Lake is a typical example of euxinic saline lake,situated on the eastern Adriatic coast(43o32’N15o58’E).It is a karstic depression filled with seawater,     

Flat laminated microbial mat communities

Flat laminated microbial mats are complex microbial ecosystems that inhabit a wide range of environments (e.g., caves, iron springs, thermal springs and pools, salt marshes, hypersaline ponds and lagoons, methane and petroleum seeps, sea mounts, deep sea vents, arctic dry valleys). Their community structure is defined by physical (e.g., light quantity and quality, temperature, density and pressure) and chemical (e.g., oxygen, oxidation/reduction potential, salinity, pH, available electron acceptors and donors, chemical species) parameters as well as species interactions. The main primary producers may be photoautotrophs (e.g., cyanobacteria, purple phototrophs, green phototrophs) or chemolithoautophs (e.g., colorless sulfur oxidizing bacteria). Anaerobic phototrophy may predominate in organic rich environments that support high rates of respiration. These communities are dynamic systems exhibiting both spatial and temporal heterogeneity. They are characterized by steep gradients with microenvironments on the submillimeter scale. Diel oscillations in the physical-chemical profile (e.g., oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, pH) and species distribution are typical for phototroph-dominated communities. Flat laminated microbial mats are often sites of robust biogeochemical cycling. In addition to well-established modes of metabolism for phototrophy (oxygenic and non-oxygenic), respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic), and fermentation, novel energetic pathways have been discovered (e.g., nitrate reduction couple to the oxidation of ammonia, sulfur, or arsenite). The application of culture-independent techniques (e.g., 16S rRNA clonal libraries, metagenomics), continue to expand our understanding of species composition and metabolic functions of these complex ecosystems.     

古全球变化与非等时韵律沉积及前寒武纪条带状铁矿建造形成的终止

前寒武纪各种地质记录表明了太古代—元古代早期古全球环境具有显著的陆少洋多和大气富ＣＯ２、贫Ｏ２的特征。ＢＩＦｓ大气－海洋系统中Ｆｅ２＋的氧化是导致铁质发生沉淀的一个重要过程，在前寒武纪早期缺Ｏ２的环境，生物－无氧氧化和日光－紫外线为主的宇宙射线光致氧化作用产生的直接非生物－无氧氧化过程，在前寒武纪早期缺Ｏ２环境对Ｆｅ２＋的氧化可能起着重要的和主导的作用。ＢＩＦｓ条带状矿石的宏、微观ＳｉＯ２或Ｆｅ２Ｏ３／Ｆｅ３Ｏ４单层厚度非等厚性表征了硅、铁供给非等量性与交替淀积非等时性的韵律堆积。文章提出了一种与地球自转速率有关的日长年际变化（古ＥＬＮｉｎｏ事件）－硅铁临界饱和浓度模式，从统一的地球动力学条件和不同类型ＢＩＦｓ的成因联系解析了这种韵律堆积的机制。元古代早—中期大气－海洋系统发生了Ｏ２增多和ＣＯ２减少的古全球变化，导致了２．２～１．８Ｇａ之间大气圈平流层古臭氧层的形成。古臭氧层大幅度消减日光－紫外线对地球表面的强烈辐射，不仅使全球性由日光－紫外线光致氧化作用直接产生的Ｆｅ２＋非生物－缺氧氧化过程消失，而且也保证了生命演化的延续和生物进入多样性繁衍。与其伴随的全球性巨厚碳酸盐建造，导致了上壳岩下伏的地球早期富铁?     

Changes in palaeoenvironmental conditions during deposition of the Permian Kupferschiefer (Lower Rhine Basin, northwest Germany) inferred from molecular and isotopic compositions of biomarker components

Biomarker distributions based on GC and GC-MS data supplemented by stable carbon isotopic compositions based on irm (isotope ratio monitoring) GC-MS data have been used to investigate changes in depositional conditions in a number of samples from a 2 m core (Rheinberger Heide) covering the entire deposition of the Permian Kupferschiefer (Lower Rhine Basin, northwest Germany). Compound classes investigated are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and maleimides (1H-pyrrole-2,5-diones). The core has been previously divided into four sections: TI, TIIA, TIIB and TIII based on lithology. The biomarker distributions and the δ¹³C values of components indicate contributions from cyanobacteria, algae, green sulphur bacteria and higher plants (minor) throughout Kupferschiefer deposition. All of the phytoplanktonic components show ¹³C enrichment in the lowest section, suggesting a greater productivity. The occurrence of components derived from green sulphur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae) indicates that the entire deposition was characterised by periods of photic zone anoxia. Such conditions were rapidly established after the initial transgression of the Zechstein Sea and may have been productivity-driven, but were less prevalent during deposition of the upper core sections.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定食用植物油中多种有机锡化合物

有机锡化合物已广泛应用于食品包装材料及其生产过程中,对人体健康存在着潜在的危害。特别是食用植物油因甘油三酯(脂肪)含量较高,约占植物油的95%以上,给分析检测带来较大的基体干扰。本文采用低温冷冻提取结合固相萃取技术,建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定食用植物油样品中二丁基二氯化锡、二苯基二氯化锡、三丁基氯化锡、三苯基氯化锡同时分析的方法。实验对比了甲醇、乙腈、乙醇三种有机萃取溶剂分别在低温冷冻提取和常规液液振荡提取条件下的提取效率,并考察了PSA、中性氧化铝、弗罗里硅土及活性炭四种净化材料对食用油提取液的净化效果。确定了食用油中有机锡化合物的最佳提取净化方案为:以10 m L甲醇为提取溶剂在低温冷冻条件下充分提取两次,并通过50 mg活性炭净化提取液。为评价该方法的准确性,对食用油样品进行三个不同水平的添加回收实验,各有机锡化合物的平均回收率在74.2%~99.5%之间,接近或优于现行国标及相关研究(70%~120%),可应用于菜籽油、花生油、芝麻油、大豆油、玉米油及调和油等不同基质的食用植物油中有机锡化合物的同时测定。     

舟山海域好氧不产氧光合异养细菌群落结构分析

好氧不产氧光合异养细菌(aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria,AAPB)是广泛分布在各种海洋环境中并在微生物生态学、海洋碳汇和海洋生态系统的生物地球化学循环的过程中具有潜在的重要作用的一类光合异养微生物。于2016年4月份在舟山群岛不同海洋功能区海域的八个站点采集表层海水,基于编码光合反应复合中心小亚基的puf M基因进行高通量测序,对测序结果进行分析,结果发现:除了岱山的样品测序失败以外,其它七个站点共得到192633条序列,我们进行了OTU聚类分析,相似性设为97%,可以看到,所有的数据最后一共分成4051个OTU。属于Proteobacteria的AAPB占明确分类的各细菌门的97%。Rhodobacteraceae科的Loktanella和Roseobacter两个属的AAPB在所有的采样站点中都处于优势地位。Desulfocapsa属在朱家尖站位(ZJJ)的发现非常具有研究价值,在以往的研究中还没有出现过。研究结果表明,在舟山群岛不同功能海域AAPB的群落结构和分布情况也是有差别的,而且与很多环境因素有关,这可以解释为什么目前很难准确预测水生环境总AAPB分布的问题。