碎屑金红石:沉积物源的一种指针

近年来,碎屑金红石的研究已成为沉积物源区分析的一个新前沿。金红石的地球化学组成,尤其是Cr,Nb,Zr等微量元素的含量,对其母岩的形成条件和所经历的地质过程都具有重要的指示意义,同时,碎屑金红石在沉积、成岩过程中表现出极高的稳定性,因而是物源分析的理想指针矿物。首先介绍金红石的矿物学和地球化学基本性质,分析不同来源的金红石典型特征,重点阐述碎屑金红石在物源分析中运用的5个方面:①金红石重矿物比值;②金红石矿物化学成分Cr-Nb判别图解;③金红石Zr含量温度计;④金红石的U-Pb和(U-Th)/He定年;⑤金红石Lu-Hf同位素。综合上述5个方面的物源分析研究,可以获取金红石的母岩类型、形成温度及后期所经历的热演化史等信息。碎屑金红石的物源研究处于起步和探索阶段,仍存在一些亟需解决的问题。     

Metamorphic P–T conditions and thermal structure of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling main hole eclogites: Fe–Mg partitioning thermometer vs. Zr-in-rutile thermometer

Core rocks recovered from the main hole (5158 m deep) of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD‐MH) project, southern Sulu UHP terrane, east‐central China, consist of eclogites, various gneisses and minor metaperidotite cumulates; this lithological section underwent subduction‐zone UHP metamorphism. Coesite‐bearing eclogites are mainly present between the depths of 100–2000 m, but below 2000 m, mafic eclogites are rare. Selected elements (Zr, Nb, Cr, Fe, Si, Mg, Al & Ti) in rutile from 39 eclogite cores from 100 to 2774 m, and major elements of minerals from representative eclogites were analysed by electron microprobe. Zirconium and Nb concentrations of rutile cluster ～100–400 and 200–700 ppm respectively. However, Zr and Nb contents in rutile from strongly retrograded eclogites show larger variations than those of fresh or less retrograded eclogites, implying that somehow fluid infiltration affected rutile chemistry during retrograde metamorphism. Zr contents in rutile inclusions in garnet and omphacite are slightly lower than those of the matrix rutile, suggesting that the rutile inclusions formed before or close to the peak temperature. The P–T conditions of the CCSD‐MH eclogites were estimated by both Fe–Mg exchange and Zr‐in‐rutile thermometers, as well as by the Grt–Cpx–Phn–Ky geothermobarometer. The maximum temperature range of 700–811 °C calculated at 40 kbar using the Zr‐in‐rutile thermometer is comparable with temperature estimates by the Fe–Mg exchange thermometer. The temperature estimates of eclogites in a ～3000 m thick section define a continuous gradient, and do not show a distinct temperature gap, suggesting that the rocks from 100 to 3000 m depth might belong to a single, large‐scale UHP slab. These data combined with P–T calculations for CCSD‐MH peridotites yield a low geotherm (～5 °C km^?1) for the Triassic subduction zone between the Sino‐Korean and Yangtze cratons; it lies ～30–35 mW m^?2 conductive model geotherm.     

Microstructurally controlled trace element (Zr,U–Pb) concentrations in metamorphic rutile: An example from the amphibolites of the Bergen Arcs

As a common constituent of metamorphic assemblages, rutile provides constraints on the timing and conditions of rock transformation at high resolution. However, very little is known about the links between trace element mobility and rutile microstructures that result from synmetamorphic deformation. To address this issue, here we combine in situ LA-ICP-MS and sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe trace element data with electron back-scatter diffraction microstructural analyses to investigate the links between rutile lattice distortions and Zr and U–Pb systematics. Furthermore, we apply this integrated approach to constrain further the temperature and timing of amphibolite facies metamorphism and deformation in the Bergen Arcs of southwestern Norway. In outcrop, the formation of porphyroblastic rutile in dynamically hydrated leucocratic domains of otherwise rutile-poor statically hydrated amphibolite provides key contextual information on both the ambient conditions of hydration and deformation and the composition of the reactive fluid. Rutile in amphibolite recorded ambient metamorphic temperatures of ~590–730°C during static hydration of the granulitic precursor. By contrast, rutile from leucocratic domains in the directly adjacent shear zone indicates that deformation was accompanied by a localized increase in temperature. These higher temperatures are recorded in strain-free rutile (~600–860°C) and by Zr concentration measurements on low-angle boundaries and shear bands (620–820°C). In addition, we also observe slight depletions of Zr and U along rutile low-angle boundaries relative to strain-free areas in deformed grains from the shear zone. This indicates that crystal–plastic deformation facilitated the compositional re-equilibration of rutile upon cooling to slightly below the peak temperature of deformation. Cessation of deformation at mid-crustal conditions near ~600°C is recorded by late stage growth of small (<150 µm) rutile in the high-strain zones. U–Pb age data obtained from the strain-free and distorted rutile grains cluster in distinct populations of 437.4 ± 2.7 Ma and c. 405–410 Ma, respectively. These different ages are interpreted to reflect the difference in closure for thermally induced Pb diffusion between undeformed and deformed rutile during post-deformation exhumation and cooling. Thus, our results provide a reconstruction of the thermochronological history of the amphibolite facies rocks of the Lindås Nappe and highlight the importance of integration of microstructural data during application of thermometers and geochronometers.     

金红石微量元素电子探针分析

金红石电子探针微量元素分析一般以人工合成的氧化物来作为监测标样,尚较缺乏对金红石标样进行系统地测试分析。本文运用CAMECA SXFive电子探针对金红石标样R10进行微量元素分析,根据金红石中主要微量元素在地质学中的应用,本次共分析了Al、Si、Ti、Fe、Cr、Zr、V、Nb、Ta等9个元素,Ti、Si元素作为本次分析的监测元素。本文通过调整加速电压和电流、背景和峰值测试时长以及干扰谱峰处理等来提高微量元素分析精度和准确度。分析结果显示,其中,Zr(780±29×10~(-6))(1SD,n=25)、Nb(2799±66×10~(-6))、V(1276±33×10~(-6))、Fe(4309±34×10~(-6))、Cr(718±31×10~(-6))的分析结果与二次离子质谱(SIMS)和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)的推荐值在误差范围内一致。大部分元素数据波动范围在10%以内,V、Fe元素的数据波动范围仅在5%以内。V、Nb和Fe测试精度比前人电子探针分析结果有较大提高。金红石Zr测试误差传递给金红石Zr温度计给出的温度误差一般22℃。本文还对金红石Zr温度计应用、提高Ta元素分析精度和准确度、金红石Fe~(3+)分析等问题进行了探讨。     

金红石Zr和锆石Ti含量地质温度计

作为近年来新提出的两种单矿物微量元素温度计(金红石Zr含量温度计和锆石Ti含量温度计),由于其简单实用,一经提出便引起了广泛注意,许多研究者尝试将温度计应用于各种不同类型的岩石中。到目前为止每种温度计都存在几个不同的计算公式、这些公式的适用范围和适用的地质情况目前已有统一认识,但是对于所测定温度的地质意义还存在争议。在对变质岩中金红石Zr含量温度计的应用研究中,一部分研究者发现这个温度计所得到的温度与造岩矿物阳离子配分温度计相吻合,因此可以指示峰期变质温度。然而,在对大别-苏鲁造山带超高压变质岩的研究中发现,金红石Zr含量温度计得到的温度比峰期变质温度明显偏低。通过对比国内外的研究分析,认识到不仅压力、活度、元素扩散、流体作用的参与导致的退变反应可能致使微量元素温度计所记录的温度偏低,而且矿物的不同生长世代或生长介质的不同都可能致使微量元素温度偏低。因此,在应用地质温度计时,要结合样品的岩相学、矿物包裹体和微量元素、U-Pb体系定年等方面予以综合考虑,并对矿物的形成环境和形成世代加以限定,从而为合理解释矿物中微量元素的分配及其记录的温度信息提供有效制约。     

南阿尔金巴什瓦克高压/超高温麻粒岩中金红石Zr温度计及其地质意义

文中对南阿尔金高压-超高压变质带巴什瓦克地区的高压麻粒岩中的金红石进行了电子探针和薄片原位LA ICP MS微量元素分析。数据结果显示,运用电子探针和薄片原位LA ICP MS两种实验方法测得巴什瓦克高压麻粒岩中的金红石Zr含量在误差范围内基本一致。对比研究表明,经过压力校正的Thomkins等(2007)的金红石Zr含量温度计算公式更适合本区高压麻粒岩温度的计算,而采用Zack等(2004)和Watson等(2006)的公式计算的温度分别比前人通过传统温度计获得的温度结果偏高和偏低。按照Thomkins等(2007)的金红石Zr含量温度计算公式,以压力为2 GPa计算获得,巴什瓦克地区新鲜高压麻粒岩样品中金红石Zr含量温度为890~962 ℃,被解释为代表了高压麻粒岩峰期的变质温度;而以压力为1 GPa计算得出,退变高压麻粒岩样品中金红石Zr含量温度为764~822 ℃,代表了晚期中温麻粒岩相退变质阶段的变质温度。以上结果进一步证实南阿尔金高压-超高压变质带巴什瓦克地区的高压麻粒岩经历了峰期超高温/高压麻粒岩相变质作用和晚期中温麻粒岩相退变质作用的叠加。     

金红石和榍石Zr温度计在新疆西南天山榴辉岩中的应用

应用LA-ICP-MS方法对新疆西南天山高压-超高压变质带中的榴辉岩及其高压脉体中的金红石和榍石进行了Zr含量的检测和Zr温度计的计算。榴辉岩中位于石榴石幔部且与绿辉石共生的金红石包体Zr含量都集中于10~20μg/g;而基质金红石的Zr含量为30~50μg/g,高于包体金红石。榍石均为金红石退变质的产物,且各样品间的榍石Zr含量较均一,都集中在3~5μg/g之间。脉体金红石Zr含量则与榴辉岩中基质金红石的Zr含量相当甚至偏高一些,为30~60μg/g。金红石和榍石的Zr温度计研究也表明,榴辉岩石榴石中的金红石包体生长于压力峰期阶段,温压条件为480~540℃、2.7~3.0 GPa;基质金红石随温度增加达到退变质再平衡,记录了温度峰期的条件,约530~590℃、2.4~2.7 GPa;榴辉岩中高压脉体中的金红石则生长于退变质榴辉岩相阶段,金红石Zr温度计给出结果为540~580℃、1.5~2.1 GPa,记录了近等温降压的过程;榴辉岩中的榍石在1.0 GPa左右达到平衡,榍石Zr温度计给出的温度为540~560℃,记录了进一步的近等温降压的过程。根据以上4个阶段的分析结果,得出一个较完整的顺时针p-T轨迹,且与相平衡模拟所限定的p-T轨迹相一致。金红石的Zr含量可以作为压力的指示,表明压力校正在金红石Zr温度计中起到了重要作用。在对金红石和榍石Zr温度计进行应用时,要结合细致的岩相学观察,综合考虑压力、活度、扩散速率、退变质作用和流体影响等方面的因素,才能得到比较精确的温压估算结果和pT轨迹。     

俄罗斯白海地区太古代榴辉岩的金红石Zr温度计应用及其地质意义

金红石Zr温度计在研究高级变质岩的热演化过程中可以发挥重要的作用。而电子探针显微分析技术得益于其较小的分析束斑(直径1~2μm)和适中的轰击能量,通过合理的实验条件设定和仪器参数设置,是对薄片中金红石Zr含量进行原位分析的理想实验手段。本文中,我们对俄罗斯白海地区的太古代榴辉岩-退变榴辉岩中的金红石Zr含量进行了电子探针原位分析,并进行了金红石Zr温度计计算。结果表明,其中石榴子石包裹体类型(产状1)金红石的Zr含量比较稳定,主要集中在400×10~(-6)~500×10~(-6)范围,个别金红石颗粒中的Zr含量可以达到1000×10~(-6);而基质后成合晶中(产状2)金红石的Zr含量的波动范围则相对更广一些(200×10~(-6)~1000×10~(-6)),这可能与后期退变过程中的Zr重置和/或扩散有关。总体上,不同产状金红石的Zr温度计计算结果都给出了两个主要的温度区间:T1=700~750℃和T2=800~850℃。结合前人对白海榴辉岩变质温压条件的研究以及金红石Zr体系封闭温度的控制,我们认为金红石Zr温度计的计算结果区间T1更有可能代表的是榴辉岩的退变冷却温度,而温度区间T2则反映的是榴辉岩在抬升过程中受到高温麻粒岩相变质作用阶段的温度峰期条件。     

变质岩中金红石研究进展及存在问题

随着原位微区分析技术的发展,金红石作为常见的副矿物,受到越来越多的关注.结合目前地学研究的热点科学问题,文中总结了金红石在变质岩石学中研究进展及存在的问题:(1)金红石在变质岩中的产状及形成过程;(2)金红石Zr含量温度计的进展及在低级、中级及高级变质岩中的应用;(3)金红石微量元素在弧岩浆过程和俯冲带变质作用的行为;...     

The distinct metamorphic stages and structural styles of the 1.94–1.86 Ga Snowbird Orogen,Northwest Territories,Canada

Palaeoproterozoic orogenesis within the Archean southeastern Rae craton is related to the initial amalgamation of Laurentia. Characterizing the accompanying tectonic processes during this time has been complicated due to polymetamorphism, which results in the obscuring of the age record of the terranes involved. To improve the knowledge of the tectonic evolution of the South Rae Craton, petrologic and structural analyses are applied in conjunction with in situ trace element chemistry, inclusion barometry, U–Pb monazite and titanite, and Lu–Hf garnet chronology. The data robustly constrain Palaeoproterozoic pressure–temperature–time paths of major deformational events along the southeastern Rae craton margin. D₁ occurred between 1.94 and 1.93 Ga in the Dodge-Snowbird domain, which included prograde burial of metasedimentary rocks, deposited at 2.2–2.0 Ga, and the development of migmatitic layering and east-southeast trending folds (S₁, F₁). Peak metamorphism is recorded in metasedimentary units at c. 1.93 Ga when rocks reached conditions of 9.0–10.5 kbar and 810–830°C. Within the Dodge-Snowbird domain, D₂ imparted north-northeast trending open folds and associated axial planar cleavage (S₂, F₂) between 1.93 and 1.90 Ga during east-west compression that appears to have been synchronous with cooling and exhumation. Later D₂ deformation, localized within the Wholdaia Lake shear zone (WLsz; S_T1), developed in the footwall of this thrust-sense structure at 1,873 ± 5 Ma at conditions of 9.5–11.0 kbar and 820–850°C. The hangingwall Dodge-Snowbird domain had already cooled to below 300°C by then, indicating a significant structural and metamorphic break across the domain's western boundary. A new phase of unroofing (D₃) involved pervasive amphibolite- to greenschist facies extensional shearing (S_T2) within the WLsz, which overprinted S_T1 foliations between 1.87 and 1.86 Ga. Continued greenschist facies shearing younger than 1.86 Ga likely ended by c. 1.83 Ga when lamprophyre dykes cut the structure, which was followed by cooling until c. 1.80 Ga. This work highlights the utility and application of multiple chronometers (zircon, monazite, titanite, garnet) along with structural and petrologic analysis that together can resolve precise orogenic cycles in polymetamorphic terranes that may otherwise be undetected. The time-resolved P–T–D histories derived here enable more robust interpretations regarding the nature and evolution of 1.9 Ga tectonism along the southeast Rae craton margin, which may be used to refine models for Laurentian terrane amalgamation.