阿吾拉勒山西段二叠纪火山岩组合与构造环境分析

阿吾拉勒山体西段发育了厚度巨大的下二叠统火山岩,这些火山岩均属碱性玄武岩系列,以钾质类型为主,钠质类型次之,岩浆演化呈现出跨越B型趋势。这种火山活动是在大陆地壳内部产生的,代表了陆内裂谷演化的早期阶段。在早二叠世末期,由于受到新源运动的影响,这种火山活动被终止了。     

金州地区震旦系基本层序与沉积环境

金州地区广泛发育震旦纪地层,具分布连续、出露完整、沉积相标志明显的特点。本文运用现代沉积学和地层学理论,对区内震旦系岩石地层进行了基本层序研究与沉积环境分析。     

山东省侵入岩岩石单位及其代号的厘定

根据《1∶2 5万区域地质调查技术要求 (暂行 )》和我省正在进行的 1∶2 5万区调修测取得的阶段性成果 ,对山东省侵入岩岩石单位及其代号进行了厘定 :不同类型的花岗岩类均作为正式填图单位按“年代 岩性和典型产地方法”确定填图单位代号 ,而独立侵入体、脉岩和包体 ,以及基性—超基性岩则作为非正式填图单位按“年代 岩性方法”确定填图单位代号。     

南极乔治王岛长城湾沿岸固定冰中有色层生态观察

自1988年11月至1989年3月,对南极乔治王岛的长城湾沿岸水域中的海洋生物和环境因子进行了调查,1988年11月20日在2号站采得的冰芯中部有一层约5cm的棕色层,而1988年11月17日、20日和26日在5号站采得的冰芯样中有二层棕色层。固定冰中叶绿素a浓度范围在2.55～56.8mg/m~3之间,而且大部分含量集中在海冰的中间层中,而不象其它海区如昭和、戴维斯、凯西和麦克默多等站,大部分叶绿素a集中在海冰的底部,造成这种差别的原因、可能是由于海冰的结构和形成过程不同所致。     

Electromagnetic signals associated with stick–slip of quartz-free rocks

We recorded clear transients in the electric and magnetic fields upon sudden slip in stick–slip experiments on dry, cylindrically shaped, quartz-free rock specimens of basalt and peridotite with a 30° saw-cut (representing a fault) at confining pressures of up to 120 MPa. The amplitudes of the measured electric field signals were always higher at the electrode pair oriented parallel to the strike of the fault than at the pair oriented perpendicular. This anisotropy suggests a preferred electric polarization normal to the slip surface. The transients in the electric and magnetic fields were observed only when the fault slip occurred by stick–slip mode, not by a stable mode of the sliding, and the amplitudes of the electric field signals increased with increasing stress drop. It is suggested that the generation process of the electromagnetic signals is closely related to the characteristic behavior of the fault at the time of the initiation of slip during stick–slip events, probably with respect to the intensity of the signals. We propose that one or both of the following two processes characteristic of the fault at the time of the initiation of slip during stick–slip events are essential for the generation of detectable electromagnetic signals: rapid slip along the simulated fault and separation of the rock masses across the fault.     

Gouging abrasion test for rock abrasiveness testing

Wear parts of many mineral processing and mining equipment are often subjected to high stress loads applied at high speeds and at varying angles of incidence, where the prevalent mode of wear is high-stress gouging/sliding impact abrasion. Examples include crusher liners, wear liners in hoppers and chutes, picks on roadheaders, discs on tunnel boring machines and ground engaging tools. Abrasion under these conditions is characterised by a high material removal rate and thus has a direct bearing on wear rates and service life of the equipment concerned. However, at present there appears to be no method for rock abrasiveness assessment under these conditions. This paper describes a new Gouging Abrasion method and apparatus for testing abrasivity of rocks under high-stress gouging/sliding impact wear. A Gouging Abrasion Index (Gi) is introduced, which can be used for prediction and assessment of component life expectancy and efficiency of mineral processing and materials handling equipment. Experimental data from Gouging Abrasion testing of numerous Australian rock types are presented. It is suggested that the results of Gi testing can be used for wear rate predictions for a variety of mineral processing and materials handling equipment working under high-stress gouging/sliding impact abrasion conditions.     

Geotechnical properties of evaporite soils of the Dead Sea area

The Dead Sea Basin is the lowest point on earth and is tectonically subsiding. During the Holocene Period the climate became much drier with increasing evaporation whereby initially lacustrine sediments were deposited from the non-marine brines, giving a multi-layered stratigraphy of lime carbonate and halite sediments. The lime carbonate sediments are comprised of laminated, clay to silt sized, clastic sediments (calcite) and authigenic aragonite and gypsum. The halite commonly appears as rock salt. Chemical industries, based on harvesting the salts from the Dead Sea, have developed on both the Israeli and the Jordanian sides of the basin. The lime carbonate soils are used for dike construction, and these soils, together with significant salt layers, are encountered in the foundations of structures, dikes, and tailings dams, requiring definition of their geotechnical properties. Use of standard soil mechanics definitions and testing approaches for the lime carbonates have been found inapplicable, particularly in view of their exceptionally high saline content, and it has been necessary to develop new concepts. The rock salt is encountered at shallow depths, with unit weights considerably lower than those usually discussed in the literature, and with correspondingly different mechanical properties. The geotechnical properties of these soils, and approaches used to define them, are discussed in the paper.     

Chrome-spinels in serpentinites and talc carbonates of the El Ideid-El Sodmein District, central Eastern Desert, Egypt: their metamorphism and petrogenetic implications

Serpentinites and talc-carbonate rocks of El Ideid-El Sodmein District (ISD), central Eastern Desert, Egypt, contain variably altered chrome-spinels. Back-scattered electron images and electron microprobe analyses of chrome-spinels and associated silicates are made to evaluate their textural and compositional variations with metamorphism. In most cases the chrome-spinel crystals are concentrically zoned with unaltered cores through transitional zone of ferritchromit to Cr-magnetite toward the rims. In talc-carbonate rocks chrome-spinels are extensively altered to Cr-magnetite. Compared to cores, the metamorphic rims are enriched in Cr# (0.83–1.0 vs. 0.58–0.63 for rims and cores, respectively) and impoverished in Mg# (0.05–0.29 vs. 0.57–0.63), due to Mg–Fe and Al(Cr)–Fe³⁺ exchange with the surrounding silicates during regional metamorphism rather than serpentinization process. Textural and compositional features of the chrome-spinels suggest transitional greenschist-amphibolite up to lower amphibolite facies metamorphism (at 500–600 °C), which is isofacial with the country rocks. The common preservation of unaltered chrome-spinel cores in the serpentinites, contrary to talc-carbonate rocks, implies that full equilibration has not been attained due to small metamorphic fluid–rock ratio. Microprobe analyses profile across a concentrically zoned grain confirms the presence of two compositional (miscibility?) gaps; one between chrome-spinel core and ferritchromit zone; and another one between ferritchromit zone and Cr-magnetite outer rim.Chrome-spinel cores do not appear to have re-equilibrated completely with the metamorphic spinel rims and surrounding silicates, indicating relic magmatic composition not affected by metamorphism. Core compositions suggest an ophiolitic origin and derivation by high degrees of melting of reduced, depleted harzburgite to dunite mantle peridotites in an oceanic supra-subduction zone (marginal-basin) tectonic environment.     

Assessing soil erosion in Mediterranean karst landscapes of Lebanon using remote sensing and GIS

Maps showing the potential for soil erosion at 1:100,000 scale are produced in a study area within Lebanon that can be used for evaluating erosion of Mediterranean karstic terrain with two different sets of impact factors built into an erosion model. The first set of factors is: soil erodibility, morphology, land cover/use and rainfall erosivity. The second is obtained by the first adding a fifth factor, rock infiltration. High infiltration can reflect high recharge, therefore decreasing the potential of surface runoff and hence the quantity of transported materials. Infiltration is derived as a function of lithology, lineament density, karstification and drainage density, all of which can be easily extracted from satellite imagery. The influence of these factors is assessed by a weight/rate approach sharing similarities between quantitative and qualitative methods and depending on pair-wise comparison matrix.The main outcome was the production of factorial maps and erosion susceptibility maps (scale 1:100,000). Spatial and attribute comparison of erosion maps indicates that the model that includes a measure of rock infiltration better represents erosion potential. Field investigation of rills and gullies shows 87.5% precision of the model with rock infiltration. This is 17.5% greater than the precision of the model without rock infiltration. These results indicate the necessity and importance of integrating information on infiltration of rock outcrops to assess soil erosion in Mediterranean karst landscapes.