The salt decay of medieval bricks at a vault in Brarup Church,Denmark

This paper presents an investigation of the decay of bricks in the chancel vault of Brarup Church located close to the Baltic Sea at the island of Falster in Denmark. The aim of the work was to study a peculiar phenomenon in order to prescribe appropriate treatment. Although protected by a lime plaster, some bricks were pulverized up to 50 mm deep from the topside. The decay occurred in a random pattern over the structure, with undamaged bricks positioned next to deteriorated bricks. The brick structure was investigated by Mercury Intrusion Porosiometry. All bricks had a majority of pores in the range 1–10 μm, but the decayed bricks also had a fraction of pores with a diameter less than 100 nm. The difference may be due to a lower firing temperature, or it may be a consequence of the salt decay. Salt analysis proved that the deteriorated bricks were contaminated with sodium chloride, which could have degraded the brick structure. However, the powdering of the bricks may be caused by the precipitation of gypsum, which was found in the brick powder but not in the deteriorated brick itself. According to calculations with the computer program RUNSALT, the precipitation of gypsum is much influenced by the presence of sodium chloride. The gypsum precipitates due to changes in temperature between 0 and 30°C and variations in relative humidity between 75 and 95%. Seasonal climatic changes in the attic were measured to cover this interval. Perhaps sodium chloride acted as a catalyst that facilitated the accumulation and precipitation of gypsum at the topside of the bricks. A sacrificial plaster, which is the traditional treatment for salt contaminated structures, would not prevent such decay.     

基于小波去噪改进神经网络拱顶下沉预测研究

隧道拱顶下沉监测数据中含有大量的随机误差,为了消除或者消弱随机误差的干扰,本文对实测数据进行小波去噪,使数据更真实性。针对传统BP神经网络预测精度差、收敛慢的问题,通过改进的BP神经网络对去噪的数据进行预测。实验结果表明,并与传统BP神经网络相对比,小波去噪的改进神经网络收敛速度加快,精度提高,预测效果显著提高,适用于拱顶下沉的预测研究。     

流动地震观测背景噪声的台基响应

大规模流动地震台阵技术发展为高分辨率深部结构成像提供了重要基础,背景噪声是影响流动地震观测质量的关键因素. 为掌握流动地震观测噪声规律,发展流动地震观测降噪技术, 编制流动地震观测技术规范, 我们开展了针对不同台基流动地震观测背景噪声的观测实验与分析. 其中,山西省临汾市五个地点架设了共22个对比观测台站, 进行了超过一年半的连续观测. 通过计算不同频段范围内背景噪声记录的加速度功率谱密度, 研究了不同场地条件和环境噪声下流动地震观测台站的噪声特征及其台基响应,分析了不同台基处理方式对噪声的抑制效果. 结果表明:(1)高频人为噪声和长周期自然噪声是影响流动地震观测质量的主要噪声, 可以通过增加台基深度和改善台基处理方式等方法降低其影响; (2)增加台基深度能有效地降低长周期噪声和高频噪声, 2 m深坑能使高人为噪声台站各分量的高频频段和长周期频段分别降低5 dB和10 dB; (3)由于其不稳定性, 沙子台基的水平分量在长周期频段一般要高于摆墩台基5 dB, 流动地震观测中推荐使用摆墩台基; (4) 台站位置、台站内部温度和空气流动都是影响台站噪声的重要因素. 在此基础上提出了不同场地条件和噪声环境下的台基处理建议和适合国情的移动地震台阵台站建设参考方案, 有助于流动地震观测野外工作的标准化和规范化.     

陡倾坡内和垂直坡面走向张裂隙共生的成因机制及其工程效应

西南某水电站坝区右岸不但发育陡倾坡内并与坡面走向大致平行的张裂隙和断层也有一系列倾角近于直立与坡面走向近于垂直的张裂隙。这两组裂隙在同一边坡内同时出现,在国内已建的大型水电工程边坡中尚未见报道。研究表明,这一组合是由于右岸西侧穹隆新生代以来发生过较强烈隆升导致放射状和环状张裂隙同时发育的结果。正是由于两组张裂隙的存在,使边坡岩体深强风化发育,从而降低了坝肩岩体的强度。     

Application of a coupled homogenization-damage model to masonry tunnel vaults

This paper presents an approach developed to study the behavior of the masonry vaulted tunnels in order to evaluate the serviceability state and failure load. An appropriate homogenization technique is used to simulate the global anisotropic behavior across the vault. The model takes into account isotropic damage in each component of the masonry and the variations of the directions of anisotropy in case of a vault. A set of comparisons with experimental tests allowed the validation of the proposed approach. Failure loads and deformation states are correctly assessed. The present model was programmed in the finite element code CESAR-LCPC.