关于城市交通地理信息系统模型设计的思考与改进

GIS—T模型是建立城市交通地理信息系统的主体,本文对现有GIS—T模型进行了简单的分析与评价,并且为了增加政府与公众做出决策的正确性,提出了路径畅通可靠度模型、城市交通综合指数模型、交通出行指数模型三个数学模型,以达到量化城市交通与完善GIS—T模型的目的。     

基于高分辨率遥感数据的城市居住单元交通环境质量评价——以厦门市为例

居住单元是与人们生活密切相关的社区范围,其交通环境的优劣是衡量居住单元环境好坏的重要标准之一。高分辨遥感影像 的高空间分辨率特点为我们提供了研究居住单元交通环境的可能性。本文从区域交通环境、路网可达性出发,对城市居住单元交通 环境质量的遥感评价方法进行了研究,根据高分辨率遥感影像的特点构建了居住单元交通环境的多级指标评价体系,并对厦门市的 50个居住单元进行了评价分析。实验表明,利用高分辨率影像进行城市交通环境质量评价是一种成本较低,简便可行的方法。     

Estimation of heavy metals (Cu,Zn, Pb) input into Punat Bay

The fate of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) from their sources to the final sink was analysed. Investigations included the identification of sources, the input from each source as well as transport towards their temporary (soil, vegetation, and marine water) and final sink (marine sediments). Research was conducted in the catchment area of Punat Bay on the island of Krk (Northern Adriatic, Croatia). Four sources were identified: long-range transport, traffic, antifouling paints and eroded material which annually introduced about 158 kg of Cu, 175 kg of Pb and 666 kg of Zn into the Bay. Antifouling paints were significant but not the main source of pollution in this area as was considered in previous investigations. Due to long-range transport, the input of Zn was almost four times greater, whereas the input of Pb was almost six times greater than the input from antifouling paints. Aerosols emitted from motor vehicles still represent the mayor source of Pb in this area. Cu originates mostly from antifouling paints and long-range transport. It was estimated that only around 30% of analysed elements introduced into the water column would be deposited in their final sink, i.e. marine sediments.     

中国北方农牧交错区交通用地风蚀个例分析-以河北丰宁县坝上大滩镇东沟村为例

对中国北方农牧交错区风蚀变化最为明显的地区进行定点研究,并选取一个小流域作为研究对象。测量了农村交通用地的土壤风蚀状况,计算结果表明：交通工具对十壤作用加速了土壤风蚀过程．扣除车轮挤压地面下降外,交通工具引起的土壤风蚀速率在2．9～3．8cm／a之间。由此可见。在减缓农牧交错区土壤风蚀方面。农村交通道路风蚀问题必须予以考虑。根据社会经济的发展．对交通道路进行固化可减缓这类用地的风蚀状况。     

台湾海峡船舶交通管理系统（VTS）的研究

台湾海峡是南来北往的国内、国际海上运输主通道的重要组成部分,本文通过分析台湾海峡自然条件、船舶交通现状及发展、安全监督管理现状,提出建设台湾海峡船舶交通管理系统（ＶＴＳ）的必要性和迫切性。该系统的建设将改善海峡船舶通航条件,保障船舶航行安全,提高航运效益,保护水域环境,同时促进两岸海上直航的顺利发展。     

A Novel Approach of Using Selected Unconventional Geodesic Methods of Estimation on VTS Areas

Abstract

The Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) systems belong to the fundamental tools used in ensuring a high level of safety across sea basins with heavy traffic, where the presence of navigational hazards poses a great risk of collision or a ship running aground. In order to determine the mutual location of ships, VTS systems obtain information from different facilities, such as coastal radar stations, AIS, and vision systems. Fixing a ship’s position is always accompanied by a degree of error, but the degree of error depends on the specific position fixing system used. In order to increase the accuracy of position fixing in VTS systems, the authors propose the use of contemporary geodetic methods. The article presents the theoretical fundamentals of two unconventional geodesic methods of estimation: M estimation and M_split(q)estimation and the authors’ own proposal of their application in VTS systems. The article concludes with a test verifying theoretical assumptions, performed with the use of a computer application allowing position fixing with the use of selected robust adjustment methods. Furthermore, an example is presented of M_split(q)estimation as used for the acquisition of low-signal radar echoes, which in VTS systems are not automatically identified for tracking. The level of the echo signal makes it difficult for a VTS controller to separate these objects from typical radar noise and interference.     

雾的标准化危险性指数计算方法及其应用

在有雾的天气下经常发生几百辆车连续追尾碰撞的恶性交通事故,因此为了做好交通安全工作有必要开展雾的风险分析研究。在考虑雾的出现频率、持续时间和能见度3个参数的基础上,通过改进雾的危险性指数（FHI）方法,得出了适合我国气象标准的雾的标准化危险性指数(NFHI)的计算方法。为了使危险性指数适应雾的数值预报产品的应用,进一步改进了雾的标准化危险性指数的形式,提出了适合数值预测模式的雾的标准化危险性指数。最后结合京津塘高速公路沿线5个国家气象站36 a的雾的观测数据,利用NFI方法计算得出了4个季节的雾的危险性等级,并使用数值预报结果计算了不同地点的雾的标准化危险性指数。利用该指数计算方法可以通过比较不同路径危险性的大小进行最佳路径的选择,为交通安全提供科学参考。     

贵州高等级公路气象特征及预报

根据近4a逐日气象资料以及交管部门近10a的交通事故统计数据,分析了影响贵州高等级公路交通安全运输的主要气象因子特征,揭示了贵州复杂地形条件下不同公路路段的气象条件差异较大,主要表现为:(1)各路段夜间雨日比白天雨日多30d左右;(2)降雨日、大雨日和暴雨日最多的路段均是镇胜路;(3)能见度条件最差的路段是玉凯路,其次是贵新路和镇胜路;(4)凝冻出现机率较大的路段是镇胜路、贵黄路和贵新路;降雪最多的路段是崇遵路;(5)高温天气最多的路段是玉凯路.另外,综合考虑了降雨、能见度、凝冻以及高温等天气条件对公路交通的影响程度,探讨了贵州高等级公路交通气象指数预报方法.     

广州市交通环境可持续发展研究

分析了广州市交通环境的现状和面临的问题,对广州市交通环境作出的定性评价是广州市缺乏长远性、战略性的交通规划,交通布局不合理,设施不完善,交通环境可持续发展的条件不足.从可持续发展的观点出发,对未来广州市城市总体交通环境的改善提出建议和对策.