Marine reserve phenomenon in the Pacific islands

Coinciding with increased numbers of global marine reserves, communities in the Pacific islands are establishing unprecedented number of periodically-harvested and indefinitely-closed marine reserves. An integrated ecological and social comparative methodology is used to examine the motivations and outcomes of reserves in Vanuatu. Communities establish permanent reserves due to concerns about human impacts on reefs, while others establish periodic reserves in response to declining resources. Local knowledge suggests that both reserve types are effective, although validation by underwater surveys was inconclusive. Community support for both reserve types is strong, suggesting that the marine reserve phenomenon in Pacific will continue.     

混合禁忌搜索算法在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用

本文提出了幂函数加和型湖泊富营养化评价指数公式,同时将禁忌搜索算法与模拟退火、免疫进化算法有机地结合起来,建立了求解优化问题的混合禁忌搜索算法(HTS).将此算法用于评价指数公式的参数优化,从而建立起湖泊富营养化综合评价模型,为湖泊富营养化评价和预测提供了一条有效的途径.将优化好的湖泊富营养化模型用于东湖富营养化评价的实例研究,结果表明此评价模型能较好地反映湖泊富营养化水平,并具有较好的通用性和实用性.     

Policy implications of protected area discourse in the Pacific islands

The words taboo, conservation area, reserve, protected area, and marine protected area (MPA) are used to refer to the community-based closures of the Pacific islands. Diverse definition and interpretation have led to confusion and debate, particularly as the Pacific islands engage with international protected area policies and partners. This case study from the Republic of Vanuatu traces the introduction, evolution and contemporary implementation of protected area typology. Higher-level debates often center more on symbolism and post-colonial ideologies than on the operational specifics of closure regimes. Island communities, indifferent to ongoing national-level discussions, are continuously adapting closures to contemporary contexts, utilizing indigenous and non-indigenous terms to differentiate among them. Protected area policy in the Pacific islands could be improved by recognizing the diverse closure typology of the region and building on the discursive status quo that is emerging at the community level. Future policy will be enhanced if it embraces the inherent flexibility and heterogeneity of Pacific island custom and culture to manage natural resources.