Models in geography revisited

Agent based models (ABMs) have many applications, and illustrate a rapidly developing field of enquiry, spanning both the physical-mathematical and human-social sciences. ABMs are seen as most appropriate in situations where decisions or actions are distributed around particular locations, and in which structure is viewed as emergent from the interaction between individuals. ABMs may be used either as representational devices, to reproduce the patterns observed or desired in the system of interest, or as foundational tools contributing to the development of social or economic theory. The role and status of models and modelling is itself an instantiation of a wider debate concerning representation and explanation. Today, a case can be made that the nature of explanation and the use of scientific interpretation reflect much less definite and exclusive positions and permit more diverse approaches than hitherto. The underlying proposition of this commentary is, therefore, that the time is right for a positive application of ABMs within the discipline of geography, and for a rediscovery and reappraisal of the richness and depth of insight in the model-building enterprise more generally. First, the context for ABM development and application is set with reference to the agency-structure debate. Second, some aspects of the heritage of models in geography is presented, based upon reviews of two benchmark publications bearing that title. Next, some of the most significant characteristics, uses, potentials and limitations of ABMs, are reviewed. Finally, some constructive ways forward are suggested, as informed by theory and method from the interpretative social sciences.     

病毒膜蛋白及其表达和纯化技术的研究进展

病毒囊膜是包膜病毒除核衣壳外的另一主要成分。它主要由多种蛋白质构成，称为膜蛋白，膜蛋白以单聚体，二聚体，三聚体，甚至更多的聚合体的形式存在，具有中和抗体，与靶细胞受体结合，凝集红细胞，诱导细胞融合等多种功能，膜蛋白可采用将其基因整合入载体，并在昆虫细胞，哺乳细胞或细菌中获得体外表达，膜蛋白可在去污剂的作用下形成蛋白质－脂－去污剂的复合物而被溶解，其中去污剂的临界微团浓度，亲水物－亲脂物平衡值，荷电、紫外穿透性等是选择合适去污剂的主要参考因子，溶解后的膜蛋白多利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、凝胶过滤层析，离子交换层析，亲和层析，高效液相层析等技术并结合梯度离心；分级沉淀等进行分离、纯化。     

Cation distribution and structure modelling of spinel solid solutions

 This paper presents an improved generalisation of cation distribution determination based on an accurate fit of all crystal-chemical parameters. Cations are assigned to the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the structure according to their scattering power and a set of bond distances optimised for spinel structure. A database of 295 spinels was prepared from the literature and unpublished data. Selected compositions include the following cations: Mg²⁺, Al³⁺, Si⁴⁺, Ti⁴⁺, V³⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺ and vacancies. Bond distance optimisation reveals a definite lengthening in tetrahedral distance when large amounts of Fe³⁺ or Ni²⁺ are present in the octahedral site. This means that these cations modify the octahedral angle and hence the shared octahedral edge, causing an increase in the tetrahedral distance with respect to the size of the cations entering it. Some applications to published data are discussed, showing the capacity and limitations of the method for calculating cation distribution, and for identifying inconsistencies and inaccuracies in experimental data. Received: 19 February 2001 / Accepted: 1 June 2001     

Compression mechanisms of coesite

 The structure of coesite has been determined at ten pressures up to a maximum of 8.68 GPa by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The dominant mechanism of compression is the reduction of four of the five independent Si–O–Si angles within the structure. There is no evidence of the fifth linkage, Si1–O1–Si1, deviating from 180°. Some Si–O bond distances also decrease by up to 1.6% over the pressure range studied. The pattern of Si–O–Si angle reduction amounts to a rotation of the Si2 tetrahedron around the [001] direction. This rotation induces significant internal deformation of the Si1 tetrahedron. Comparison of the experimental data with rigid-unit distance least-squares simulations of coesite suggests that this pattern of compression, the anomalous positive values of both s₂₃ and K′′ in the equation of state of coesite, its high elastic anisotropy and the unusual straight Si1–O1–Si1 linkage within the structure are all consequences of the connectivity of the tetrahedral framework. Received: 11 July 2002 / Accepted: 14 January 2003 Acknowledgements The help of Christian Baerlocher of ETH Zurich in providing both the DLS-76 software and advice in its use is gratefully acknowledged, as are discussions with Paul Ribbe of Virginia Tech and the comments of two anonymous reviewers. The data analysis was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant EAR-0105864 to N.L. Ross and R.J. Angel.     

Untersuchung der Sorptionseigenschaften des Kationenaustauschers KB-2M mit Makronetzstruktur zur Abtrennung von Zinkionen aus Ab- und Spülwässern

Study of Sorptional Properties of the Cation Exchanger KB-2M with Macroreticular Structure for Recovery of Zinc Ions from Sewage and Rinsing Water Although a number of ion-exchange methods have been employed for the recovery of some transition metals from industrial effluents, knowledge about ion-exchange resins with macroreticular structure is poor. The present paper describes the mechanism of sorption on such exchangers and their application for recovery of zinc from sewage rinsing water. Ion exchanger of macroreticular structure are polymers with long-chained cross-linking agents. We have synthesized carboxylic ion-exchange resins by hydrolysis of copolymerisates of methyl acrylate with different cross-linking agents: divinylbenzene, divinyl sulfide, divinyl ester of ethylene glycol and divinyl ester of di- or triethylene glycol. The sorption process on modifications of the carboxylic resins KB-2 of various structure was studied with different methods: potentiometric titration, infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray structural analysis. The initial zinc concentration in rinsing water was 0.05 mol/L at pH from 3 to 6. For the sorption, 0.2…1.0 g of resin were equilibrated with 100 mL of zinc solution. After equilibrium (12 h), the resin was separated from solution. The zinc ions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after stripping with 100 mL of 10% sulfuric acid. The distribution ratio D was calculated (D: mmole of Zn sorbed per gram of resin divided by mmole of Zn per millilitre of solution). By means of infrared spectroscopy, the mechanism of sorption of zinc ions from rinsing water was determined. There may be a possibility of the formation of complexes in the cation-exchange resin phase. It was found out in this paper that the cation-exchanger KB-2M of macroreticular structure is the most effective for the sorption of the Zn²⁺-ions from sewage and rinsing water.     

云南保山从干树金矿控矿条件及矿床成因讨论

从干树金矿赋存于怒江构造带高黎贡山岩群变质岩系中,有两个明显的次级矿化带,具多期次成矿作用特点:前期可能为沉积变质赋矿,后期为剪切(构造热液)成矿。晚期在浅部风化淋滤富集。剪切作用形成的金矿是主体。     

西藏樟木堆积体结构及其稳定性

樟木口岸是我国与尼泊尔王国之间唯一的陆路通商口岸,也是西藏地区目前唯一具有一定规模的国际贸易口岸,但该口岸坐落于一大型堆积体之上,长期面临地质灾害的威胁。为进一步论证该堆积体的稳定问题,本文在野外调查基础上,对该堆积体的工程地质结构、岩土类型以及斜坡的变形破坏规律和稳定性进行了初步分析。结果表明：该堆积体并非单一土质结构,尚存在冰水堆积等类型,斜坡发生整体滑坡的可能性小,以地形坡度、人类工程活动等控制的局部滑移为主。     

鲁西地块中、新生界裂缝发育特征及构造应力场分析

鲁西地块是华北克拉通东部重要的构造单元,经历了多期构造演化,裂缝十分发育,是研究裂缝的有利场所。通过野外地质观测和室内研究,对鲁西地块部分地区的裂缝的产状、类型、开度、间距、填充物等参数进行了统计分析,得出裂缝优势方向主要为NNW向、SEE向、NEE向、NE向和NW向。在野外分期配套的基础上,结合区域构造应力场,用过滤法对鲁西地块中、新生界的裂缝进行了分期配套,初步分为NNW和SEE向,NNW和NEE向,NNW、NE、NWW和NEE向3期,并分别指示了早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世、古新世至始新世早期、始新世中期至渐新世区域构造应力场。     

地震折射波法探测研究张强地区的构造特征

张强地区位于中朝地台北缘的吉黑地槽区,其基底岩系和构造特征与中朝地台的基底和构造特征有明显的差别,通过２００ｋｍ的折射波法探测,得出如下结论：（１）本区基底构造线方向呈现近ＳＮ或ＮＮＷ向,二条此方向的断层划分出三个构造单元。（２）该区内中生代前基底分为两套地层,其岩性、断层特征和基底埋深均有差别。     

用QSAR法研究有机磷农药对海洋扁藻的构效关系

１９９７年３月,利用ＱＳＡＲ构效关系分析方法和计算模拟手段,对中国洞海地区常用的１１种有机磷农药对海洋五心形扁藻拦数抑制浓度进行研究。建立有机磷农药对海洋扁藻致毒效应的ＱＳＡＲ模型;ｌｇ（１／ＥＣ５０）＝０．１９３ｌｇＰ－０．０８（ｌｇＰ）＾２＋１．１０σ３＋０．２９２＾１Ｘ－０．１６４（ｎ＝１１,Ｓ＝２０,Ｒ＝０．９６９６）;ｌｇ（１／ＥＣ５０＿＝０．１９１ｌｇＰ－０．０９（ｌｇＰ）＾２＋１．０