Slumping and shallow faulting related to the presence of salt on the Continental Slope and Rise off North Carolina

Seismic reflection profiles and long- and medium-range sidescan sonar were used to investigate a salt diapir complex and area of slope instability near the base of the Continental Slope off North Carolina. Within the area of investigation three diapirs are bounded on their upslope side by a scarp 60 m high and 50 km long. The slope above the scarp is characterized by a series of shallow rotational normal faults. The bottom below the scarp is furrowed by slide tracks, which were probably carved by large blocks that broke off the scarp face and slid downslope leaving rubble and scree lobes.Extensive slumping in this area appears to be a result of uplift and faulting associated with salt intrusion, which has fractured and oversteepened the slope leading to instability and failure. Sharply defined slide tracks suggest that slope failure above the breached diapir complex is a continuing process, in contrast to much of the surrounding slope area where few instability features were observed.     

Modeling of rainfall-triggered shallow landslide

By integrating hydrological modeling with the infinite slope stability analysis, a rainfall-triggered shallow landslide model was developed by Iverson (Water Resour Res 36:1897-1910, 2000). In Iverson’s model, the infiltration capacity is assumed to be equivalent to the saturated hydraulic conductivity for finding pressure heads analytically. However, for general infiltration process, the infiltration capacity should vary with time during the period of rain, and the infiltration rate is significantly related to the variable infiltration capacity. To avoid the unrealistically high pressure heads, Iverson employed the beta-line correction by specifying that the simulated pressure heads cannot exceed those given by the beta line. In this study, the suitability of constant infiltration capacity together with the beta-line correction for hydrological modeling and landslide modeling of hillslope subjected to a rainfall is examined. By amending the boundary condition at ground surface of hillslope in Iverson’s model, the modified Iverson’s model with considering general infiltration process is developed to conduct this examination. The results show that the unrealistically high pressure heads from Iverson’s model occur due to the overestimation of infiltration rate induced from the assumption that the infiltration capacity is identical to the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Considering with the general infiltration process, the modified Iverson’s model gives acceptable results. In addition, even though the beta-line correction is applied, the Iverson’s model still produces greater simulated pressure heads and overestimates soil failure potential as compared with the modified Iverson’s model. Therefore, for assessing rainfall-triggered shallow landslide, the use of constant infiltration capacity together with the beta-line correction needs to be replaced by the consideration of general infiltration process.     

Left upstream slope design for the Çatalan Dam, Adana, Turkey and its behaviour under actual earthquake loading

An investigation and remediation of instability along upstream cut slopes for an earthfill dam in differentially weathered rock in southern Turkey is described. The major instability problem was a 45-m high and 200-m long previously cut slope next to the main axis of the dam, above the diversion tunnels and water outlet structures. The slope was first designed and excavated in 1986 based on the temporary berm approach. Rising water level in the reservoir would change the shear strength parameters and the pore-water pressure in the slope; thus, probable deep failure would damage the entrance of the diversion tunnels and water outlet structures, as well as the earthfill embankment of the dam. In June 1996, the slope face was re-excavated and protected against wave erosion by placement of a layer of rock riprap over a layer of bedding and a filter material. A strong earthquake (M_S = 6.2) occurred during a period of rapid drawdown in 27 June 1998. The slope remained stable, although numerous tension cracks developed in Quaternary terrace deposits near the reservoir area.     

岩质高边坡稳定性支持向量机预测方法研究

提出一种基于支持向量机的岩质边坡稳定性预测方法。该方法地很好的表达了岩质边坡稳定性与其影响因素之间的非线性映射关系,并应用该方法建立了相应的模型。预测结果表明,利用该方法进行岩质边坡稳定性预测是可行的、有效的。     

坡面溅蚀发生过程及其与坡度关系的模拟研究

通过人工模拟降雨试验,分别观测降雨过程中不同方向上溅蚀强度的变化,根据各影响因子间相互消长及相互制约的关系特点,分析了雨滴溅蚀发生的过程特征及其变化原因,从溅蚀过程的变化特点及溅蚀强度的变化规律比较,定量地探讨了坡度对雨滴击溅侵蚀的影响作用,得出了溅蚀强度与坡度因子之间的关系方程。     

四川泸定磨西台地第四纪冰水台地边坡地质灾害易发性研究

河流冲刷对第四纪软弱地层岸坡的地质灾害起到控制性作用。本文以磨西台地冰水堆积物岸坡为例,充分考虑河流与岸坡地质灾害之间的内在联系,基于对实测地质灾害的分析结果,采用Logistic监督分类方法,评价各环境因子（尤其是河流冲蚀特性因子）在河流岸坡稳定性评价中的作用,进而采用高相关的环境因子进行地质灾害易发性预测。研究表明,河流弯曲度、河流流量、岸坡坡度、河床宽度、岸坡宽度与地质灾害的发育相关性强,采用这些参数和Logistic模型预测的地质灾害易发性能很好的反映现状和未来地质灾害的发育特点,进而提出了磨西台地岸坡地质灾害防治的初步建议。     

准噶尔盆地滴南凸起-阜北斜坡区原油地球化学特征及来源

滴南凸起-阜北斜坡区位于准噶尔盆地中央隆起带东段,其周缘地区有多个生烃凹陷,发育四套烃源岩,具复杂的油源关系。为厘清该区中上侏罗统油源关系,利用多项地化指标进行油源对比,结果表明:A类原油具轻碳同位素,植烷优势明显,高伽马蜡烷指数,表现出了湖相母质输入的特点,与二叠系泥岩具良好亲缘关系;B类原油具重碳同位素,姥鲛烷优势,几乎不含伽马蜡烷等特征,反映了原油母质形成于强氧化的沉积环境,与侏罗系泥岩同源;C类原油各项指标介于以上两类原油之间,是二叠系与侏罗系烃源岩的混源。     

攀西红层区大型滑坡失稳方式分析

四川攀西地区侏罗系、白垩系红层广泛分布, 其岩体结构破碎, 产状多变, 工程地质性质脆弱, 是区内主要的易滑地层。攀西红层区内滑坡发育, 灾害数量众多, 危害严重, 大型滑坡易堵塞前缘河道, 诱发严重的次级危害。本文在对区内众多大中型滑坡实地调查的基础上, 对攀西红层区内大中型岩质滑坡的失稳方式进行了分析和归纳, 为攀西地区滑坡失稳条件研究和区内的滑坡灾害防治提供了理论基础。通过研究分析, 发现攀西地区构造活动强烈, 红层区内大型滑坡发育受地质构造影响显著, 构造结构面与原生层理面形成的有利组合往往奠定了滑坡的边界, 控制了滑坡的失稳方式。依据其不同的斜坡结构特征, 攀西红层区大型岩质滑坡失稳方式可划分为平面顺向滑动、块状斜向滑动及楔形横向滑动等3种类型。     

黄土边坡植物根系固土护坡效应研究

黄土高原生态环境脆弱,且随着人类工程活动日益频繁,黄土滑坡等地质灾害问题也日益严重。植物护坡是恢复黄土边坡生态和防治黄土边坡地质灾害的有效手段。本文基于延安地区黄土边坡调查,通过植物科属分布及密度,及其在边坡植被群落结构中的生长特征等分析,查明植物生长特征与边坡生境的相关联系,筛选适宜当地环境的护坡树种;通过原位试验,分析植物根系固土护坡效应;最后在总结上述研究成果的基础上,提出了该地区适宜的护坡植物,为陕北地区黄土边坡植物防护设计提供了理论依据。本研究成果能促进植物在西北黄土地区的工程应用,为西北黄土边坡复合型生态防护技术提供指导。     

Elevation,slope aspect and integrated nutrient management effects on crop productivity and soil quality in North-west Himalayas,India

On farm bio-resource recycling has been given greater emphasis with the introduction of conservation agriculture specifically withclimate change scenarios in the mid-hills of the north-west Himalaya region（NWHR）. Under this changing scenario, elevation, slope aspect and integrated nutrient management（INM） may affect significantly soil quality and crop productivity. A study was conducted during 2009-2010 to 2010-2011 at the Ashti watershed of NWHR in a rainfed condition to examine the influence of elevation, slope aspect and integrated nutrient management（INM） on soil resource and crop productivity. Two years of farm demonstration trials indicated that crop productivity and soil quality is significantly affected by elevation, slope aspect and INM. Results showed that wheat equivalent yield（WEY） of improved technology increased crop productivity by -20%-37% compared to the conventional system. Intercropping of maize with cowpea and soybean enhanced yield by another 8%-17%. North aspect and higher elevation increased crop productivity by 15%-25% compared to south aspect and low elevation（except paddy）. Intercropping of maize with cowpea and soybean enhanced yield by another 8%-15%. Irrespective of slope, elevation and cropping system, the WEY increased by -30% in this region due to INMtechnology. The influence of elevation, slope aspect and INM significantly affected soil resources（SQI） and soil carbon change（SCC）. SCC is significantly correlated with SQI for conventional（R2 = 0.65＊）, INM technology（R2 = 0.81＊） and for both technologies（R2 = 0.73＊）. It is recommended that at higher elevation.（except for paddy soils） with a north facing slope, INM is recommended for higher crop productivity; conservation of soil resources is recommended for the mid hills of NWHR; and single values of SCC are appropriate as a SQI for this region.