The Poseidon Operational Tool for the Prediction of Floating Pollutant Transport

In this work the development and the application of an operational management tool for the Greek Seas is described. This tool consists of a three-dimensional floating pollutant prediction model coupled with a weather, a hydrodynamic and a wave model in order to track the movements and the spreading of the pollutants and indicate those coastal areas which might be affected. The tool is part of the Poseidon system which has been designed to provide real time data and forecasts for marine environmental conditions in the Greek Seas. In this paper, we present four case studies based on realistic scenarios that show the value of the application for long-term strategic planning and short-term decision making in oil spill accidents.     

Tar ball frequency data and analytical results from a long-term beach monitoring program

Following the spill of fuel oils from the New Carissa in February 1999, approximately 300 km of beaches on the Pacific coast of North America were surveyed. A long-term observation program focused on the documentation of stranded tar balls in the vicinity of the spill site. Systematic beach surveys which were conducted over the period March 1999 to April 2001 and semi-logarithmic scale, time-series plots proved the most useful format for identifying trends. Beach monitoring continued through to August 2001. by which time 212 tar balls had been analyzed by GC/MS for their chemical characteristics. The samples of tar balls collected between February 1999 and August 2001 were qualitatively compared with New Carissa source oils (NCSO) and 101 (48%) were not consistent with NSCO. The presence of tar balls that are not related to an incident can confound attempts to define cleanup or endpoint criteria and to assess possible injury to natural resources.     

金伯利岩中“熔离小球”的特征及其成因

在金伯利岩人工重砂中发现的“熔离小球”,直径多数<1 mm,除个别出现微晶外,均为非晶质,属于熔体淬火冷却产物。提供了29个小球的主元素分析和3件微量元素分析结果。“熔离小球”按成分可分为3种类型:(1)高铁钛小球;(2)硫铁镍小球;(3)浅色硅铝质小球。其中高铁小球w(FeO)高达99.39%,高钛小球w(TiO2)达45.90%,它们含MnO也偏高,最高达23.75%。Fe、Mn、Ti都属于高负电性元素,在熔体中与氧结合的键强度大,容易发生熔离。硫铁镍小球的w(SO3)变化于38.27%~51.95%,w(FeO)为0.31%~23.10%,w(NiO)为25.24%~61.05%。浅色小球w(SiO2)变化范围为24.01%~52.64%,Al2O3、CaO含量高但变化范围大,总体成分接近基性—超基性硅酸盐熔浆。主元素、微量元素特征以及硫铁镍小球中发现了高镁(Fo=0.95)橄榄石捕虏晶表明,小球形成于金伯利岩岩浆的介质环境。此外高铁及硅铝质两种成分呈交生结构的两相小球的发现,暗示二者为熔离作用成因。小球的熔离作用可以应用SiO2-FeS-FeO的液态不混溶相图做出解释。认为小球形成于岩浆结晶的晚期阶段,相对富含CO2、SO3、FeO、MnO、TiO,在岩浆快速上升、快速降温、降压、熔体中出现了多种局部有序区的条件下发生的。     

Pelagic tar, dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons and plastic distribution in the Cretan Sea, Greece

During the first cruise of R/V ‘Philia’ in July 1997 within the framework of the TALOS programme supported by the Greek Ministry of Physical Planning and Public Works, the sampling of floating tar, litter and sea water for dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons (DDPH) was carried out in the Cretan Sea. Analysis of these data has allowed a first assessment of the status of floating marine pollution in the region. DDPH measurements showed a mean concentration of 0.145 μg/l of chrysene equivalents (n = 24). Tar and plastics concentrations were in the range of 1–4280 and 0–1160 μg/m², respectively. Mean pelagic tar concentration was 318 μg/m², more than two times higher than what was reported for the area in previous studies. Based on in situ hydrographic observations there is strong evidence that most of the floating tar enters the Cretan Sea through the Ionian Sea.     

基于最大球算法定量表征土体空间孔隙网络

孔隙网络控制着土体渗流、排水固结与基质吸力等重要工程性质。本文介绍了多孔介质孔隙网络最大球建模基本原理与算法。以显微CT扫描振捣干法生成的南京粉砂试样为例,采用最大球算法建立了试样三维重构模型表征单元体(REV)的空间孔隙网络球棍模型,计算得到了样品REV尺度的孔隙网络参数,统计发现,孔隙半径、喉道半径、孔隙配位数、孔隙截面形状因子、喉道截面形状因子与喉道长度等孔隙参数均近似服从正态分布,孔隙体积近似服从衰减型指数分布。孔隙与喉道半径分别分布在100μm与65μm以内,两者数学期望分别为40. 0μm与18. 0μm;配位数分布在25以内,数学期望为5. 1;孔隙与喉道截面形状因子分别分布在0. 01~0. 04与0. 01~0. 05的区间内,两者数学期望分别为0. 019与0. 033;喉道长度分布在100~800μm以内,数学期望为292. 22μm。同时发现,样品中体积小于1. 5×10^7μm^3的小孔隙数量超过90%。本方法可应用于土体细观孔隙结构的定量表征。     

欧泊的变彩效应及成因模式探讨

通过对欧泊样品 的常规物化特性分析、物质成分测试以及显微结构观察,验证了“欧泊中大小相似的ＳｉＯ２球粒紧密排列形成光栅,使光发生衍射而产生变彩”这一成因机理,研究了ＳｉＯ２球粒的结晶度、球粒大小以及排列方式与变彩的关系,及色斑的成因,进一步探讨了古风化壳中欧泊的成因模式以及该模式与欧泊显 内在关联。并进而提出在鉴定欧泊过程中需要注意的若干问题,纠正了欧泊（尤其是高档品）保养方法上一些传统看法和谬误     

TLS算法在参考球标定场中的应用

精密工程测量领域,对仪器有着极高的要求,需要定期对仪器的各项性能指标进行检定。仪器的检定和精度标定都需要有一定的基准,并用来评价仪器的性能。文中以球体为基准建立空间标定场,提出利用TLS(整体最小二乘平差)算法拟合球面的方法,并对比分析该方法的可行性;提出在满足精度要求下,参考球的选择方法;理论加实例分析,验证该方法的合理性。     

陶枣矿区太原组成煤植物群落及其意义

陶枣矿区太原组煤层中赋存大量黄铁质和钙质煤核，其植物组成包括高等植物科达类，石松类，辉木类，楔叶类等和低等生物藻类及菌类。由这些植物构成的太原组成煤植物群落在垂直结构上分为三个层次，第一层次为群落主要层，以科达类和鳞木类等高大乔木为主；第二层次是楔叶类为代表的林下植物，第三层次是水体中大量存在的藻类和菌类，植物群落的层次结构和生态环境与现代落羽杉森林沼泽相似，明显的菌藻类低等生物贡献是华北太原组成     

神奇的球状冰(冰球、冰蛋)

大量球状冰集聚排列是自然界中较为罕见的现象,一般发生在浅滩、湖岸和河岸处.因球状冰形态特征的特殊性,常被称之为冰球、冰蛋.球状冰的形成与发展受气象、水动力和水滨地形条件等多因素共同控制,且具有一定的时空限制,必须在短时间内多因素协同干预才可能引发冰球集聚.正是凭借"制造"条件的苛刻性导致了冰球集聚现象的罕见,也造成了全球各地冰球出现的位置、形态和数量之间存在差异.已有来自于德国、俄罗斯、芬兰和加拿大等多个国家关于冰球现象的报道,但发生频率极少,约20～ 30年一次.近年来在吉林省的查干湖和四海湖发现了冰蛋现象,但关于球状冰从形成到大量集聚之间的定量研究依然缺少实测数据分析支撑.毫无疑问,来自大自然的神奇现象为科学探索研究提供了更多的动力和乐趣.     

太行山含夕线石石英球花岗岩的地质学、地球化学和岩石成因

太行山含夕线石石英球花岗岩是南营片麻岩的重要组成部分,其地质特征、地球化学和Rb-Sr 同位素特征表明它们是中下地壳副变质岩深熔熔浆和残留体混合的粥状体沿着伸展变形带运移、侵位和结晶形成的。其Rb-Sr等时线年龄为t= 1.933±0.08Ga,形成的时代为吕梁期。