海洋中液-固界面作用的分形研究Ⅰ.SAXS法测量固体交换剂的分维

本文将分形作为一个新概念,应用到海洋化学的液-固界面作用的一系列的研究上。根据用SAXS法测定一些常见的粘土矿物(高岭石,蒙脱石)和水合氧化物(水锰矿、δ-MnO_2、氧化铁凝胶、针铁矿、无定形氧化铁)的分维结果,可将这些结果划分成三类:(1)小尺度模量下具有表面分形;大尺度模量下具有质量分形。(2)只有一种分维值的表面分形。(3)在小尺度模量下和大尺度模量下分别具有不同分维值的表面分形。     

利用SAXS表征不同变质程度煤纳米孔隙特征

文章通过小角X 射线散射（SAXS） 的方法研究了自然演化系列不同煤级煤的纳米孔隙结构和分布特征。结果表明, 随着煤级的增高,孔隙表面分形呈多阶段变化： Ro＜0.89%,壳质组开始逐渐液化,发育大量孔隙,分形维数不断增大; Ro 为0.9%~1.5%,因挥发分生油充填孔隙和原油沥青的芳构化等作用,而使微孔表面平整光滑,分形维数减小;Ro 为1.5% ~3.5%,镜质组裂解生气发育了大量纳米孔隙,分形维数再次增大;随后逐渐石墨化,表面分形再次降低。煤中纳米级孔 隙主要集中在50~100 nm 范围内。其中细介孔（2~10 nm） 体积百分比占0.21%~3.12%,中介孔（10~25 nm） 体积百分比占 5.06%~11.28%,粗介孔（25~50 nm） 体积百分比占21.06%~26.36%,大孔（50~100 nm） 所占体积百分比最大,高达 64.63%~68.36%。随着煤级升高,煤样的最可几孔径不断减小,最可几孔径由80 nm 减小到10 nm,减小的速度由缓到快; 中介孔和细介孔体积百分比不断增大,与成熟度分别呈对数和线性关系;粗介孔和大孔百分比不断减少,与成熟度呈对数 关系。最可几孔径变化也十分明显,在低煤化烟煤阶段时,随煤化程度增高最可几孔径略有下降（峰值处的孔径范围在 75~71 nm 内）,中高煤化烟煤阶段时,随煤化程度的增高最可几孔径呈较明显的下降趋势（峰值处的孔径范围在78~53 nm 内）,到无烟煤阶段时,其孔径则快速下降（峰值处的孔径范围在72~9 nm）。     

宁镇地区下志留统高家边组富有机质页岩孔隙结构

通过氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜、小角X射线散射及低温氮气吸附实验,对宁镇地区下志留统仑山5井等高家边组底部富有机质泥页岩孔隙结构进行分析,为下扬子区下志留统富有机质泥页岩的储层评价提供依据。研究表明:高家边组富有机质泥页岩含有大量的纳米级孔隙,包括有机质孔、矿物粒间孔、矿物粒内孔、微裂缝等,孔径分布复杂;优势孔径分布为介孔段,孔隙直径主要为2~50 nm。影响孔径分布的主要因素是矿物组成,脆性矿物和黏土矿物对微孔和介孔都有一定的影响,而有机质含量对泥页岩总体孔隙特征的影响并不明显。     

Application of SAXS and SANS in evaluation of porosity, pore size distribution and surface area of coal

This paper discusses the applicability of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques for determining the porosity, pore size distribution and internal specific surface area in coals. The method is noninvasive, fast, inexpensive and does not require complex sample preparation. It uses coal grains of about 0.8 mm size mounted in standard pellets as used for petrographic studies.Assuming spherical pore geometry, the scattering data are converted into the pore size distribution in the size range 1 nm (10 Å) to 20 μm (200,000 Å) in diameter, accounting for both open and closed pores. FTIR as well as SAXS and SANS data for seven samples of oriented whole coals and corresponding pellets with vitrinite reflectance (R_o) values in the range 0.55% to 5.15% are presented and analyzed. Our results demonstrate that pellets adequately represent the average microstructure of coal samples.The scattering data have been used to calculate the maximum surface area available for methane adsorption. Total porosity as percentage of sample volume is calculated and compared with worldwide trends. By demonstrating the applicability of SAXS and SANS techniques to determine the porosity, pore size distribution and surface area in coals, we provide a new and efficient tool, which can be used for any type of coal sample, from a thin slice to a representative sample of a thick seam.     

Pore structure of selected Chinese coals with heating and pressurization treatments

Pore structure of Chinese coals with heating and pressurization treatments was studied using small angle X-ray scattering(SAXS),N2adsorption/desorption isotherms and scanning electron microscope(SEM).SAXS was performed for some samples after heat treatment at seven elevated temperatures from 25 to 250°C at 0 MPa and for other samples with hydrostatic pressure treatment at 0,5,10,15 and 20 MPa at the room temperature.The results show that N2adsorption isotherm together with SAXS could be a comprehensive method to evaluate the pore shape and the pore size distribution:the pore shapes are generally spherical for low rank coal and they are mainly ellipsoidal for high rank coal.All these measurements were then interpreted using the fractal theory to reveal relationship between surface fractals and coal rank,and the evolution of surface fractals under heating and pressurization treatments.The results show that surface fractal dimension(Ds)changes with different treating temperature and pressure and maximum vitrinite reflectance(Ro,m).Especially in the bituminous stage,Ds shows an increasing trend with Ro,m under varied temperatures.Moreover,Ds shows an increasing trend with increasing temperature before 200°C,and a decreasing trend after 200°C.Furthermore,the results show that Ds has a more complex relationship with Ro,m under varied treating temperature than that under varied treating pressure.