黄金的成色

黄金的成色并不是一成不变的，它成色的高低是与成矿温度、成矿阶段、深度、时代、变质程度、水溶液及风化作用等有一定关系，我们从这些关系中可以寻找到我们找矿的捷径和依据。     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟北部砂金矿成矿规律

呼伦贝尔盟北部地区由于新构造运动含金地质体长期风化剥蚀，促使金的活化。河流及其2－3级支流发育，流域广，水流充足，有利于砂金矿的迁移、富集。现代的乐山丘陵、宽阔沟谷有利于砂金的保存。该区已发现数十个砂金矿，多为河谷型，主要含金层为含粘土砂层或砂砾层。砂金富集与河谷地貌关系密切，河床弯曲的凸岸、变异部位、关门咀、迎门山等地貌是砂金富集有利部位。该区金直接来源于加里东和华力西花岗岩。结合金的来源、矿床的分布特征和富集规律，指出了该区今后砂金找矿方向。     

金沙江流域（云南段）砂金成因类型及其找矿前景

根据成矿作用、成矿环境及矿床特征，金沙江流域（云南段）砂金矿床，可划分为：残坡积、洪积、冲洪积、冲积和冰碛等五种类型。成矿主要受碰撞带、深大断裂、大断裂及其派生断裂、基底岩石、地貌、水质和水化学环境等综合控制。以巨甸－大具及中江街－金江街两片区最具有找矿前景。     

云南砂金矿床的成因类型及其找矿前景

在研究云南的残坡堆积、洪积、冲积和冰碛等砂金矿床类型的成矿作用和成矿环境的基础上,总结了云南砂金矿床地质特征。分析了砂金矿床主要受深大断裂或大断裂、地层岩石、地貌、水系和水化学环境的综合因素控制,探讨了金沙江、珠江、红河、澜沧江、怒江和伊洛瓦底江等6大水系砂金成矿条件和找矿前景预测。     

陕、甘、川“金三角”地区砂金富集规律及成因类型

区内砂金矿大都分布在嘉陵江、涪江、白龙江和汉水的河床、河漫滩及Ⅰ级阶地内。在河道由开阔趋向狭窄或由狭窄突变为开阔地段、河流转弯的凸岸（堆积岸）弧形拐弯偏向上游地段、支沟与主河道文汇处靠下游等地段砂金相对富集。砂金主要富集在松散沉积层近底部的含泥砂砾层中。区内砂金矿的成因类型分为冲积型河床砂金矿、冲积型河漫滩砂金矿和冲积型阶地砂金矿三种。成矿时代为全新世早期。形成砂金矿必须具备两个条件：一是必须有砂金矿质来源，即必须有含金地质体的存在；二是有适宜的外营力作用、良好的地貌条件和有利的新构造运动，两者缺一不可。据此划出琵琶寺一河口和刘家坪-椒园里两个找矿远景区。     

宽甸石柱子花岗闪长岩体重砂爆裂普查法在找矿中的应用

通过对石柱子花岗闪长岩体重砂爆裂法研究，发现其轻组分爆裂频次（或活度）有明显差异．并确定区内重砂轻组分爆裂颇次异常下限值为４２００次，据此确定了８个重砂爆裂活度异常区，圈定并缩小了找矿靶区。同时重砂爆裂普查法还可以反映出岩体成矿的可能性，判别岩体的矿化程度．研究表明，重砂爆裂普查法对于发现热液盲矿体具有可行性，可为普查找矿提供信息．     

Geology,mineral chemistry and tourmaline B isotopes of the Córrego Bom Sucesso area,southern Serra do Espinhaço,Minas Gerais,Brazil: Implications for Au–Pd–Pt exploration in quartzitic terrain

The Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic metasiliciclastic rocks of the southern Serra do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brazil, are host to historically important alluvial deposits of diamonds and gold. Detrital gold grains often comprise Au–Pd–Pt intermetallic compounds, with low Ag contents, which contain inclusions of tourmaline and titaniferous hematite (up to ~ 6 wt.% TiO₂). The latter minerals connect the alluvial mineralisation to the rutile–hematite–quartz veins and tourmalinisation observed in the quartzitic country rocks of the alluvial gravel. The quartzite (Sopa-Brumadinho Formation of lacustrine to fan-deltaic origin) is affected by pervasive B metasomatism with F-bearing tourmaline replacing the recrystallised quartz fabric. The tourmaline belongs to the alkali group, with Mg/(Mg + Fe) and X/(X + Na) ratios in the ranges from 0.5 to 0.7 and 0.18 to 0.29, respectively, where X represents vacancies in the X site. Boron-isotopic values of tourmaline vary from ~ 1 to − 10.4‰ δ¹¹B. The B-isotope range, in conjunction with the Na–Mg-rich tourmaline composition, and the widespread occurrence of tourmalinite in the Sopa-Brumadinho Formation suggest a derivation from non-marine evaporitic brines. Brines are capable of transporting otherwise immobile Ti and explain, under oxidising conditions, the fractionation of Ag from Pd to precipitate palladiferous gold with extremely high Pd/Ag ratios. Zirconium-in-rutile and Ti-in-quartz temperatures for a variety of hematite-rich veins suggest episodic vein emplacement over a temperature range from around 500 °C to ~ 350 °C. Cross-cutting relationships and episodic vein emplacement indicate a late-Brasiliano age.     

PT conditions and trace element variations of picroilmenites and pyropes from placers and kimberlites in the Arkhangelsk region,NW Russia

Compositions of picroilmenite and pyrope concentrates from Carboniferous sandstones in the Arkhangelsk kimberlite province were analyzed by EPMA and LAM ICP MS in Analytic Center of V.S. Sobolev’s Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, SD RAS, Novosibirsk. The results from single grain thermobarometry (Ashchepkov et al., 2010, Ashchepkov et al., 2011, Ashchepkov et al., 2012) for garnet, spinel, ilmenite and clinopyroxene suggest heating of the base of the lithospheric mantle to 1400 °C (45 mw/m²) at 7.0–7.5 GPa and to 900 °C (35 mw/m²) at 3.5–5.5 GPa in an interval corresponding to a lens enriched in chromite and clinopyroxene. The pipes from the eastern fields reveal smoother mantle geotherms and lower temperature PT paths. Mantle columns beneath the kimberlites from northern (Verkhotinskoe field) and western pipes (Kepinskoe field) show heating from the lithosphere base to 5.0 GPa and stepped PT paths shown by chromites probably due to interaction with magmas which caused local Ti-enrichment near 3.0 and 5.5 GPa. The PT paths in the mantle columns beneath the alnöite pipes reveal higher temperature and relatively shallow PT conditions with two major clusters around 3.0 and 5.0 GPa. Trace element patterns for garnets vary from S-type typical of harzburgites to those with a hump in MREE (middle REE) typical for pyroxenites. Lherzolitic garnets with sinusoidal decrease of LREE show distinctive HFSE enrichment. Trace element ratios (Sm/Er)_n and (La/Yb)_n of garnets correlate positively with pressures estimates by single grain thermobarometry (Ashchepkov et al., 2010, Ashchepkov et al., 2011, Ashchepkov et al., 2012) but only poorly with Cr₂O₃ content. Enrichment in HFSE of all garnets is related to metasomatism that accompanied the picroilmenite-forming event.Ilmenites reveal two compositional trends. One corresponds to fractionation within conduits at the lower mantle (6.0–7.0 GPa) without contamination. A second trend at <6.0 GPa, formed due to assimilation fractional crystallization (AFC), is characterized by Fe and Cr increase with decreasing pressure. Similar trace element patterns of the various in HREE in ilmenites, possibly partly due to garnet assimilation from wall rock peridotites. The PT conditions and geochemistry for the minerals from the Carboniferous sediments are similar to those from the Lomonosovskoe deposit and Arkhangelskaya pipe (Lehtonen et al., 2009).     

云南大理洱源腊坪岩浆岩风化壳型钛铁砂矿

腊坪地区TiO2区域高值,有利于钛铁矿形成富集。对三类主要岩浆岩中TiO2含量与重砂淘洗砂矿样含矿率比照,认为辉长岩是钛铁砂矿含矿母岩,且与地形地貌及风化次生堆积条件有关。     

Structural controls on orogenic gold mineralisation in the Klondike goldfield,Canada

The Klondike Schist that forms the basement rocks for the famous Klondike placer goldfield was emplaced as km-scale thrust slices in Early Jurassic time, along with some thin (10 to 30 m-scale) slices of greenstone and ultramafic rocks. Permian metamorphic fabrics in the schists were deformed during thrust emplacement by structures formed as the rocks passed through the brittle–ductile transition. Early-formed thrust-related structures were almost-pervasive recumbent folds that affected both the schist and greenstone/ultramafic slices and imposed a spaced cleavage with minor recrystallisation of micas. These structures gave way to shallow-dipping phacoidal cleavage near (within <100 m of) thrust structures. Thrust-related structures have been overprinted locally by well-defined steeply dipping reverse fault-fold zones, and associated upright folding on regional (km) to mesoscopic (m) scales. The fold-fault zones occur as two orthogonal sets of structures oriented NW to N and NE to E. Some of these steeply dipping fault zones have been reactivated by Late Cretaceous normal faulting. Orogenic (mesothermal) gold-bearing veins were emplaced in local sites of extension during or after formation of the compressional fault-fold zones and before normal fault reactivation. Over 400 veins (m to cm-scale) observed in this study imply a general NW strike for mineralised structures (W to N), but with a broad scatter of orientations. Vein emplacement was controlled principally by fold axial surfaces of kink folds of the fault-fold generation. However, some other local extension sites have opened along preexisting structures to host veins locally, including metamorphic foliation and spaced cleavage planes. In addition, irregular extensional fractures with no obvious structural control host some veins. The Klondike mineralised veins formed as swarms with broad regional structural control, but represent relatively diffuse mineralised zones, with numerous scattered small veins, compared to most orogenic vein systems. These diffuse vein swarms appear to be sufficient sources for the rich and geographically localised placer gold deposits that formed in overlying gravels during erosion of the Klondike Schist basement.