多硅白云母b0值对澜沧群中压和高压变质的反映

多硅白云母b₀值作为相对地质压力计的理论和方法,已受到各国地质学家的普遍重视。本文以澜沧群多硅白云母作为研究对象,提出运用多硅白云母b₀值区分不同压力变质的方法。研究结果表明澜沧群经历了中压和高压变质作用,两期变质的多硅白云母b₀值分别为9.027Å和9.047Å。     

Experimental evidence for diamond-facies metamorphism in the Dora-Maira massif

The peak metamorphic conditions of subducted continental crust in the Dora-Maira massif (Western Alps) have been revised by combining experimental results in the KCMASH system with petrologic information from whiteschists. Textural observations in whiteschists suggest that the peak metamorphic assemblage garnet+phengite+kyanite+coesite±talc originates from the reaction kyanite+talc↔garnet+coesite+liquid. In the experimentally determined petrogenetic grid, this reaction occurs above 45 kbar at 730 °C. At lower pressures, talc reacts either to orthopyroxene and coesite or, together with phengite, to biotite, coesite and kyanite. The liberated liquid contains probably similar amounts of H₂O and dissolved granitic components. The composition of the liquid in the whiteschists at peak metamorphic conditions, a major unknown in earlier studies, was probably very similar to the liquid composition produced in the experiments. Therefore, the experimentally determined petrogenetic grid represents a good model for the estimation of the peak metamorphic conditions in whiteschists. Experimentally determined Si-isopleths for phengite further constrain peak pressures to 43 kbar for the measured Si=3.60 of phengite in the natural whiteschists. All these data provide evidence that the whiteschists reached diamond-facies conditions.

The fluid-absent equilibrium 4 kyanite+3 CELADONITE=4 coesite+3 muscovite+pyrope has been calibrated on the basis of garnet and phengite compositions in the experiments and serves as a geothermobarometer for ultra-high-pressure (UHP) metapelites. For graphite-bearing metapelites and kyanite–phengite eclogites, forming the country rocks of the whiteschists, peak metamorphic pressures of about 44±3 kbar were calculated from this barometer for temperatures of 750 °C estimated from garnet–phengite thermometry. Therefore, the whole ultra-high-pressure unit of the Dora-Maira massif most likely experienced peak metamorphic conditions in the diamond stability field. While graphite is common in the metapelites, diamond has not been found so far. The absence of metamorphic microdiamonds might be explained by the low temperature of metamorphism, the absence of a free fluid phase in the metapelites and a short residence time in diamond-facies conditions resulting in kinetic problems in the conversion of graphite to diamond.     

Computational study of tetrahedral Al–Si and octahedral Al–Mg ordering in phengite

 As part of a wider study of the nature and origins of cation order–disorder in micas, a variety of computational techniques have been used to investigate the nature of tetrahedral and octahedral ordering in phengite, K₂ ^[6](Al₃Mg)^[4](Si₇Al)O₂₀(OH)₄. Values of the atomic exchange interaction parameters J _n used to model the energies of order–disorder were calculated. Both tetrahedral Al–Si and octahedral Al–Mg ordering were studied and hence three types of interaction parameter were necessary: for T–T, O–O and T–O interactions (where T denotes tetrahedral sites and O denotes octahedral sites). Values for the T–T and O–O interactions were taken from results on other systems, whilst we calculated new values for the T–O interactions. We have demonstrated that modelling the octahedral and tetrahedral sheets alone and independently produces different results from modelling a whole T–O–T layer, hence justifying the inclusion of the T–O interactions. Simulations of a whole T–O–T layer of phengite indicated the presence of short-range order, but no long-range order was observed. Received: 8 August 2002 / Accepted: 14 February 2003 Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to EPSRC (EJP) and the Royal Society (CIS) for financial support. Monte Carlo simulations were performed on the Mineral Physics Group's Beowulf cluster and the University of Cambridge's High Performance Computing Facility.     

滇西南澜沧群多硅白云母的多型和化学成分特征及其意义

从理论、实验及实际观察的结果都表明，随着压力的增加白云母中绿鳞石的含量显著地增加，可以认为在多期变质作用过程中，尤其是在变质压力不同的多期变质作用下，形成的多硅白云母，其化学成分就会打上不同的烙印。７７个多硅白云母化学成分的统计结果表明，澜沧群低级变质岩中的多硅白云母有两种成因。在Ｎａ－Ｍｇ相关图上，反映了高压和中压变质特征，高压变质的多硅白云母约占７０％。这与用多硅白云母ｂ０值鉴别的高压和中压变质是相吻合的。多硅白云母的多型为３Ｔ和２Ｍ１型，以２Ｍ１型为主     

Experimental synthesis and phase relations of phengitic muscovite from 6.5 to 11 GPa in a calcareous metapelite from the Dabie Mountains, China

The stability and phase relations of phengitic muscovite in a metapelitic bulk composition containing a mixed H₂O+CO₂ fluid were investigated at 6.5–11 GPa, 750–1050°C in synthesis experiments performed in a multianvil apparatus. Starting material consisted of a natural calcareous metapelite from the coesite zone of the Dabie Mountains, China, ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic complex that had experienced peak metamorphic pressures greater than 3 GPa. The sample contains a total of 2.1 wt.% H₂O and 6.3 wt.% CO₂ bound in hydrous and carbonate minerals. No additional fluid was added to the starting material. Phengite is stable in this bulk composition from 6.5 to 9 GPa at 900°C and coexists with an eclogitic phase assemblage consisting of garnet, omphacite, coesite, rutile, and fluid. Phengite dehydrates to produce K-hollandite between 8 and 11 GPa, 750–900°C. Phengite melting/dissolution occurs between 900°C and 975°C at 6.5–8 GPa and is associated with the appearance of kyanite in the phase assemblage. The formation of K-hollandite is accompanied by the appearance of magnesite and topaz-OH in the phase assemblage as well as by significant increases in the grossular content of garnet (average X_grs=0.52, X_py=0.19) and the jadeite content of omphacite (X_jd=0.92). Mass balance indicates that the volatile content of the fluid phase changes markedly at the phengite/K-hollandite phase boundary. At P≤8 GPa, fluid coexisting with phengite appears to be relatively CO₂-rich (XCO₂/XH₂O=2.2), whereas fluid coexisting with K-hollandite and magnesite at 11 GPa is rich in H₂O (XCO₂/XH₂O=0.2). Analysis of quench material and mass balance calculations indicate that fluids at all pressures and temperatures examined contain an abundance of dissolved solutes (approximately 40 mol% at 8 GPa, 60 mol% at 11 GPa) that act to dilute the volatile content of the fluid phase. The average phengite content of muscovite is positively correlated with pressure and ranges from 3.62 Si per formula unit (pfu) at 6.5 GPa to 3.80 Si pfu at 9 GPa. The extent of the phengite substitution in muscovite in this bulk composition appears to be limited to a maximum of 3.80–3.85 Si pfu at P=9 GPa. These experiments show that phengite should be stable in metasediments in mature subduction zones to depths of up to 300 km even under conditions in which aH₂O1. Other high-pressure hydrous phases such as lawsonite, MgMgAl-pumpellyite, and topaz-OH that may form in subducted sediments do not occur within the phengite stability field in this system, and may require more H₂O-rich fluid compositions in order to form. The wide range of conditions under which phengite occurs and its participation in mixed volatile reactions that may buffer the composition of the fluid phase suggest that phengite may significantly influence the nature of metasomatic fluids released from deeply subducted sediments at depths of up to 300 km at convergent plate boundaries.     

西藏东部嘉玉桥变质杂岩内中侏罗世高压剪切作用:来自多硅白云母的证据

藏东嘉玉桥变质杂岩分布于班公错-怒江缝合带南西,出露宽度约15～20km,延伸长度约120km。藏东嘉玉桥变质杂岩与上覆中侏罗统呈滑脱断层接触,滑脱带内发育各种韧性剪切组构。滑脱带内钠长石英构造片岩中石英呈矩形条带,多硅白云母与石英矩形条带构成S-C组构,石英颗粒应变测量表明Flinn图解K=∞,代表近水平伸展滑脱。获得多硅白云母变质条件相当于蓝片岩相,压力属于高压变质相,多硅白云母测年结果为167.27±0.99 Ma,为中侏罗世高压剪切作用,暗示班公-怒江缝合带中侏罗世伸展与高压剪切作用密切相关。     

Age and emplacement of late-Variscan granites of the western Bohemian Massif with main focus on the Hauzenberg granitoids (European Variscides, Germany)

The Variscan Hauzenberg pluton consists of granite and granodiorite that intruded late- to postkinematically into HT-metamorphic rocks of the Moldanubian unit at the southwestern margin of the Bohemian Massif (Passauer Wald). U–Pb dating of zircon single-grains and monazite fractions, separated from medium- to coarse-grained biotite-muscovite granite (Hauzenberg granite II), yielded concordant ages of 320 ± 3 and 329 ± 7 Ma, interpreted as emplacement age. Zircons extracted from the younger Hauzenberg granodiorite yielded a ²⁰⁷Pb–²⁰⁶Pb mean age of 318.6 ± 4.1 Ma. The Hauzenberg granite I has not been dated. The pressure during solidification of the Hauzenberg granite II was estimated at 4.6 ± 0.6 kbar using phengite barometry on magmatic muscovite, corresponding to an emplacement depth of 16-18 km. The new data are compatible with pre-existing cooling ages of biotite and muscovite which indicate the Hauzenberg pluton to have cooled below T = 250–400 °C in Upper Carboniferous times. A compilation of age data from magmatic and metamorphic rocks of the western margin of the Bohemian Massif suggests a west- to northwestward shift of magmatism and HT/LP metamorphism with time. Both processes started at > 325 Ma within the South Bohemian Pluton and magmatism ceased at ca. 310 Ma in the Bavarian Oberpfalz. The slight different timing of HT metamorphism in northern Austria and the Bavarian Forest is interpreted as being the result of partial delamination of mantle lithosphere or removal of the thermal boundary layer.     

宿松杂岩中白云母的矿物学特征及地质意义

大别山为印支期扬子陆块和华北陆块之间的碰撞造山带。太湖—宿松地区位于大别山东段部位,主要由扬子陆块北缘不同变质程度的变质基底和少量浅变质盖层组成。本文选择了宿松杂岩中的白云母进行探针分析以及X射线粉末衍射分析,研究结果表明宿松杂岩中的白云母都是2M₁型且均为多硅白云母。其中,多硅白云母的晶胞参数b₀平均值为9.039,显示宿松杂岩的变质压力为中压—高压。根据宿松杂岩中白云母的显微变形特征可以知道白云母至少存在着两期变形,一期是导致石榴子石压力影形成和白云母右旋的构造作用,应该对应着燕山期大别造山带中-下地壳物质发生平行造山带向东流动的地质事件。另一期是导致白云母形成涡流构造形成的构造作用,这一期构造应该对应扬子板块和华北板块碰撞事件。根据白云母中的Ti温度计和多硅白云母压力计可以得出宿松杂岩的变质条件为T=480 ℃～579 ℃,P=0.7～1.2 GPa,属于绿片岩相到角闪岩相。     

库车盆地白垩系碎屑白云母物源区示踪与构造意义

沉积盆地碎屑岩记录了相邻造山带构造演化及隆升剥蚀的重要信息。本文对库车盆地白垩系砂岩中的白云母进行了电子探针及~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年分析,并与天山造山带的数据对比研究表明:库车盆地白垩系砂岩中白云母为多硅白云母,硅原子数小于西南天山蓝片岩及榴辉岩中的多硅白云母,形成时的压力低于目前保留在西南天山蓝片岩中多硅白云母;白垩系砂岩多硅白云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄为396.6 Ma,与在低温高压变质带中获得的多硅白云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄419~310Ma一致,表明了在白垩纪西南天山低温高压变质岩带已抬升至地表遭受剥蚀,为库车盆地提供大量的物质,也表明了在白垩纪西南天山低温高压变质岩带高度(海拔)高于其南部的哈尔克山,而现今天山地貌形态显示低温高压变质岩海拔低于哈尔克山,这可能是由于新生代天山地区差异隆升剥蚀引起的。     

一种含自生独居石富钾、富稀土的多硅白云母泥岩

1999年在《沉积学报》发表了“大连地区前寒武纪沉积岩中发现自生独居石及其意义”一文,此后又获得了国家自然科学基金的资助加以继续研究。含自生独居石的泥岩研究的新成果介绍如下 :①泥岩的特征化学成分 :K₂O11.94 %,Al₂ O₃ 16.4 7%,SiO₂ 6 1.91%;ΣREE 330.6 9μg/ g,Ce 130.80 μg/g;La(N) /Yb(N) 12.4 4,δEu 0.75,δCe1.17;②泥岩造岩矿物经电子探针能波和波谱分析和X-射线衍射曲线对比,认为是由伊利石转变成的多硅白云母,长期的成岩作用和中生代滑脱构造的压力促进了伊利石的转化;③自生独居石也经受了成岩作用及其后的影响,表现为矿物晶形包括 :散点状、单针状、晶簇状和连晶状等,大小由 1～ 6 0 μm;其晶形与产生自岩浆岩、变质岩和碎屑物中的短柱状单斜晶系独居石外形截然不同;由此得出结论认为该泥岩是一种罕见的特殊泥岩,富钾、富稀土元素和内部-外部环境创造了独居石的形成和生长条件。同时,本文强调在华北地台元古宙富稀土元素层位,有可能找到自生独居石并进而开展U、Th -Pb同位素地质测年研究;以及为华北地台北缘巨大稀土矿床矿源层探索提供依据