Cyclic palaeokarst surfaces in Aptian peritidal carbonate successions (Taurides, southwest Turkey): internal structure and response to mid-Aptian sea-level fall

The sedimentology and cyclic stratigraphy of palaeokarst structures in Aptian peritidal carbonate successions are interpreted using field and laboratory microfacies analyses of closely spaced samples from measured outcrop stratigraphic sections in southwest Turkey. Cycles displaying shallowing-upward metre-scale cyclicity are generally composed of lime mudstones/wackestones/packestones at the bottom and stromatolites or lime mudstones with charophytes and ostracods at the top. Subaerial exposure structures such as in situ karst breccias, dissolution vugs/pipes, mud cracks and sheet cracks are encountered at the top of the cycles. The presence of limestone layers between the successive karst breccia levels indicates that they are in situ palaeokarst structures, not recent karstifications or deep penetration from the upper palaeokarst surface down to the older strata. Palaeokarst breccia deposits are interpreted as mantling breccia formed as a result of epikarstification. Three main palaeokarst levels are recorded in nearly all sections. The sedimentology of the palaeokarst breccias, their position in cyclic peritidal carbonates and the biostratigraphic framework are used to trace the record of the global mid-Aptian sea-level fall in the southwest Taurides. The successive occurrences of three karst breccia levels close to the mid-Aptian sea-level fall correspond to falling periods of high-amplitude sea-level fluctuation within a late high-stand or early fall condition of a third-order sea level.     

Cryptic exposure horizons in the Carboniferous Limestone of Portishead,Avon

Two unusual subaerial exposure horizons containing fibrous columnar calcite crystals are described from the (early Chadian) Lower Carboniferous of Portishead, near Bristol in southwest Britain. The lower horizon overlies the Courceyan Black Rock Limestone (mid-ramp facies) and is separated from the upper horizon by the Sub-Oolite Bed and is overlain by the Chadian Gully Oolite (both are inner ramp deposits). Regionally the Portishead Palaeosol Beds are interpreted as forming part of extensive emergent surfaces which developed along the southern margin of the Welsh–Brabant Massif. They correlate with similar subaerial exposure horizons in Belgium and southern Germany, and may be the product of a proposed major eustatic sea level fall at the end of the Courceyan.     

320矿床成因和找矿方向

320矿床的含矿土岩是一套强烈硅化(角)砾状和(角)砾质岩,是地洼初动期岩溶洞穴沉(堆)积岩——以钙屑岩为主的混杂陆源沉积岩,受硅化形成。硅化主要发育于岩溶沉积岩中,并波及它附近的地层。这一事件发生于地洼余动期初,形成于低温环境,硅来自沉积岩源,流体起源于大气降水。320矿床是一个硅化改造的古岩溶矿床,它与美国亚利桑那州的硅化溶解-塌陷角砾岩筒相同。这类矿床在华南碳酸盐岩地区找矿潜力很大。     

A Mesoproterozoic palaeokarst on the North China Craton in the Xingcheng area of Liaoning Province,China: characteristics and significance on paleogeography

ABSTRACT

Palaeokarsts are rarely preserved and recognized from Precambrian strata. However, a Mesoproterozoic palaeokarst was recently discovered on the top of the Tuanshanzi Formation in Xingcheng, Liaoning Province, China. This palaeokarst recorded karstification fissures, three types of breccias and unique vadose filling. Four factors: no bedding fillings, vadose cements, restricted palaeokarst development, and the overlying beds without involved any karstification, supported this palaeokarst occurred before the deposition of the Dahongyu Formation. Relative sea-level changes and tectonic movement provided the essential external cause for this palaeokarst, which revealed the hiatus between the Dahongyu Formation and the Tuanshanzi Formation in the Yan-Liao Aulacogen of the North China Craton. This finding was significant and valuable for discussing the ‘Xingcheng Movement’ and unconformity contact relationships between the two formations observed around the basin. As the palaeokarst did not extend to the interior of the basin and the unconformity occurred mainly in the margins of basin, the significance of them is always underestimated. Nevertheless, this palaeokarst and other sedimentary features could represent an apparent transition of Yan-Liao Aulacogen basin evolved from rift to depression under the background of Supercontinent Columbia breakup.     

塔里木盆地震旦系—寒武系不整合面特征及油气勘探意义

塔里木盆地震旦系—寒武系不整合面在盆地内部及周边露头区广泛发育。通过地震资料追踪及露头地质剖面研究,认为震旦系—寒武系不整合面主要有两种类型:平行不整合和角度不整合。平行不整合主要分布在库鲁克塔格、柯坪露头区及盆地北部坳陷及其以北的广大地区;角度不整合分布在中央隆起带(英东构造带—塔东低凸起—塔中低凸起—巴楚断隆)的北翼附近,自东向西地震剖面结构表现清晰。震旦系白云岩受该期不整合面影响,遭受大气淡水溶蚀作用,形成古岩溶型储层,中央隆起带北翼角度不整合分布区为震旦系白云岩古岩溶型储层的有利勘探部位。     

The Widdington Sands: High-level Kesgrave Sands and Gravels near the Cam-Stort interfluve,Northwest Essex,UK

A small but stratigraphically significant exposure of Quaternary sandy sediments (Widdington Sands) was observed and recorded in the early 1970s in northwest Essex. These data are here re-examined and re-evaluated, yielding new insights into early proto-Thames aggradation following the marine recession of the Norwich Crag Formation (MIS 74–71, about 2 Ma). As the proto-Thames trajectory shifted south eastwards, a period of landscape stability ensued in the early Middle Pleistocene (MIS 19–13) during which the Valley Farm Soil was formed. This and the succeeding Barham Soil can be recognised in the stratigraphy, the second palaeosol heralding the arrival of glaciation in the Anglian Stage (MIS 12, 480–420 ka). These pedogenic signatures are enclosed within palaeokarstic features in the form of infilled sinkhole pipes. A large doline has functioned as a sediment trap preserving pre-truncation structures including reverse ring faults. These confirm basal support removal leading to upward migration of a dissolution cavity and roof collapse within the sinkhole pipe. The process and timing of subsidence can thus be defined more clearly than for similar features found in comparable Kesgrave aggradations of the Middle Thames. The likely glacitectonic origin of the planar sub-till surface is examined and discussed. Dating of Early Pleistocene fluvial activity is constrained by estimating the height of a former terrace surface whose elevation points to a correlation with the higher Stoke Row Member (MIS 64, 1.8 Ma), suggesting the oldest known proto-Thames activity within southern East Anglia.     

冀中坳陷前第三系岩溶发育规律及其控制因素

冀中坳陷自蓟县纪杨庄运动以来经历了七次较大规模的构造运动,伴随发育有七期岩溶,但只有最晚的发生于印支—燕山运动的第Ⅶ期岩溶被较多保存下来,它可划分出三个次级岩溶期。从中元古界长城系高于庄组到下古生界奥陶系峰峰组,潜山碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用发生在多个层位,尤其是蓟县系白云岩和奥陶系灰岩岩溶现象普遍。纵向上可统计出第Ⅶ期岩溶中的全部三期次级岩溶,岩溶层位主要为蓟县系雾迷山组、寒武系及奥陶系。钻井中泥浆漏失现象普遍,其中单井泥浆漏失量最大的层位是雾迷山组,其次是奥陶系,寒武系相对最小。冀中坳陷岩溶的总体展布特征表现为水平岩溶带距古地表的深度由凹陷向凸起变大,而水平岩溶带的厚度总体呈现由凹陷向凸起减小的趋势。构造运动、多层系碳酸盐岩的发育以及多套烃源岩的生烃演化,是影响冀中坳陷岩溶发育的三个主要控制因素。     

The effect of syndepositional deformation within the Upper Permian Capitan Platform on the speleogenesis and geomorphology of the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, USA

The Guadalupe Mountains in New Mexico and Texas are home to more than 300 caves. Caves have been formed within the Upper Permian Capitan carbonate platform and are oriented along two structural trends, one of which is parallel to the platform margin and the other of which is roughly perpendicular to it. Our recent studies of the Capitan Platform have identified syndepositional faults associated with growth monoclines and synclines in Slaughter Canyon, New Mexico, and these are also parallel to the platform margin. In this study, we demonstrate that syndepositional faults and folds are also present in Rattlesnake and Walnut Canyons, as much as 19 km along strike, and that they have exerted control on karstification of the Guadalupe Mountains from the Upper Permian until present.Three distinctive episodes of karst formation have been recognised in outcrops on the basis of karst-filling deposits and crosscutting relationships. The syndepositional “Phase 1 karst” was formed along syndepositional faults and fractures and is filled by platform-derived sediments. The burial “Phase 2 karst” is filled by post-Permian siliciclastics and is limited to the youngest syndepositional faults and fractures that penetrate the platform in the proximity of its terminal margin. Connectivity of these youngest faults and fractures to the platform top and the overlying stratigraphy is inferred to have controlled the distribution of the Phase 2 karst. The “Phase 3 karst” includes the present cave systems, which were mainly formed by sulphuric acid produced by mixing of fossil and fresh underground waters in conjunction with the uplift of the Guadalupe Mountains in the Late Tertiary, and have since been modified by vadose karst processes. The Phase 3 karst caves are not solely developed along syndepositional faults and fractures as the earlier karst palaeocaverns are, but also follow another, uplift-related, structural trend.Syndepositional folds, faults, and fractures in the Capitan Platform have influenced the shaping of the modern surface geomorphology of the Guadalupe Mountains by controlling drainage and, hence, erosion. Trellis drainage parallel to the platform margin is developed where syndepositional folds, faults, and fractures occur. The morphology of the trellis drainage varies systematically across the range in response to the character of the deformation structures and karst features along which the drainage channels have developed.     

塔里木盆地轮古西地区断裂对奥陶系古岩溶的控制作用

轮古西地区发育众多断裂,可分为一、二、三级,性质主要为逆断层,走向以北东-南西向为主。断裂对古岩溶地貌的形成和发育具有明显的控制作用,其中轮西断裂和轮古9断裂两条一级断裂主要控制了古岩溶宏观地貌: 轮西断裂以东地区为古岩溶高地,以西为古岩溶斜坡;轮古9断裂以东至轮西断裂地区为峰丛洼地地貌: 以西主要为峰林谷地地貌。二、三级断裂主要控制了古岩溶微地貌的发育,地表古水系和暗河常沿着这些断裂发育,呈近南- 北向、北东- 南西向展布。各级断裂带附近古岩溶储层尤为发育。轮古41北断裂群、轮古9西南断裂群、轮古40东断裂群以及轮古15井区断裂群是古岩溶储层的有利发育区。      

鄂尔多斯盆地靖边潜台及其周边地区中奥陶统马家沟组马五1-4亚段储层非均质性主要控制因素

鄂尔多斯盆地靖边潜台及相邻区域在马五1-4时总体上为(内)陆棚盆缘坪亚环境。储层主要岩性为粉晶白云岩及含硬石膏结核和/或柱状晶的粉晶白云岩。地层在岩性上的分布差异是控制储层非均质发育的基础性因素,以含硬石膏结核和/或柱状晶的粉晶白云岩对研究区更具控制意义。其他主要控制因素还有地质背景、古岩溶成岩作用、构造裂隙及断层分布等,古地貌、储层有效厚度以及非储层发育程度等对储层非均质性也具一定影响。靖边潜台为目前天然气主产区,靠近研究区的西侧和东侧的储集性均较差,西侧地层剥蚀严重,东侧溶蚀作用过于强烈,储集性能均遭到严重破坏。