茅台酒酿酒高梁的地质环境研究

茅台酒对酿酒高梁有严格要求，适于茅台酒传统酿造工艺的高梁只产于仁怀县的某些地区，主要是受地质环境的控制。仁怀高梁对某些常量和微量元素有着鲜明的选择性，对磷和钼表现出强烈的吸收作用。岩－土剖面元素的迁聚，对磷和铝的供应是确定仁怀高梁品质和产量的关键。侏罗系砂泥岩、二叠系煤系地层的岩－土剖面，元素淋溶微弱，总量丰富，有效态含量高，组合良好，能正常进行岩－土－高梁系统的物质转化与元素迁移，能充分供应高梁生长所需的磷和钼等元素，是茅台酒酿酒高梁的最宜种植区。     

酿酒葡萄冻害原因的初步分析及防御对策

通过对酿酒葡萄冻害的调查研究分析指出：初霜冻的早晚和冬季的极端低温不是造成酿酒葡萄冻害的主要原因。品种间差异和栽培管理不同也不是造成酿酒葡萄冻害的主要原因，10月份的强降温、气温明显偏低(气温≤-5．2℃)才是酿酒葡萄树体冻害的主要原因。引种抗冻能力较强酿酒葡萄品种、选择适应的生长环境和掌握适宜的埋土时间，是防御酿酒葡萄冻害防御的主要对策。     

皂土在葡萄酒生产中性能之探讨

皂土是用于葡萄酒行业的一种膨润土,其主要成分蒙脱石具有的晶格置换性能、负电性、离子交换性、水体系特性(膨胀性、悬浮性)等,使其成为葡萄酒澄清剂优质原料。通过在涿州皂土应用实践中对其性能的进一步认识,认为它仍有进一步扩展的应用及市场空间。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Marine Resources of Kuwait: Their Role in the Development of Non-oil Resources . Fatimah H. Y. al -Abdul -Razzak Recollections of a Revolution: Geography as Spatial Science . Mark Billinge , Derek Gregory and Ron Martin Entre l'Eden et l'Utopie . Luc Bureau Developments in Political Geography . M. A. Busteed The Elements of Graphing Data . William S. Cleveland Rural Resource Management . Paul J. Cloke and Chris C. Park Third World Atlas . Ben Crow and Alan Thomas Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation: A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use . Susan L. Cutter , Hilary Lambert Renwick, and William H. Renwick . Wine Regions of the Southern Hemisphere . Harm Jan de Blij Regional Development: Problems and Policies in Eastern and Western Europe . George Demko The Geographer at Work . Peter R. Gould Change in the Amazon Basin . John Hemming Geography Since the Second World War . R. J. Johnston and P. Claval Urbanization in China: Town and Countryside in a Developing Economy 1949–2000 A.D. , R. J. R. Kirkby Transport and Communications for Pacific Microstates: Issues in Organisation and Management . Christopher C. Kissling Fluvial Forms and Processes . David Knighton The Urban Millennium . Josef W. Konvitz Technological Transition in Cartography . Mark Stephen Monmonier Field Guide to Soils and the Environment: Applications of Soil Surveys . Gerald W. Olson Northern Australia: The Arenas of Life and Ecosystems on Half a Continent . Don Parkes A Killing Rain: The Global Threat of Acid Rain . Thomas Pawlick From the Family Farm to Agribusiness: The Irrigation Crusade in California and the West, 1850–1931 . Donald J. Pisani Hybrid Maize Diffusion in Kenya . Franz -Michael Rundquist Warning and Response to the Mount St. Helens Eruption . Thomas F. Saarinen and James L. Sell Coastal Geomorphology in Australia . B. G. Thom Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East , 2nd ed . T. C. Whitmore The Dark Side of the Earth . Robert Muir Wood Categorical Data Analysis for Geographers and Environmental Scientists , Neil Wrigley     

Agro-industrial conventions: some evidence from northern California's wine industry

Research into learning, innovation, and clustering suggests that local socioeconomic practices, or conventions, are critical to economic growth and regional development. Yet when it comes to the wine industry, explanations of economic success often focus on natural advantages. This article seeks to address this issue, presenting findings on the local practices of wine producers in northern California. The argument is that there are important local social and industrial linkages that bolster the competitiveness of California's wine industry and serve to upgrade production practices. This article highlights the career histories and perceptions of several key informants who are offered as exemplars of more commonly shared industrial experience and practice.     

Regional dynamics in the globalising wine industry: the case of Marlborough, New Zealand

The rapid expansion of the New Zealand wine industry has rested largely on a specific wine commodity form, Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc. Global demand for a specialised product has provided the impetus for substantial development at the regional level, an increasingly complex industry structure, and for the intrusion of international capital. This paper explores the contests and relations within the industry through attention to the commodity's value-added chain, wherein recent developments are interpreted as a contest over the brand rents. The contemporary situation therefore may be explained through overlapping organisational and geographic framings of these relations: producer versus buyer-driven dynamics; regional–national and global interests; and inter- and intra-corporate strategies. The commercial contest for control of the region-varietal commodity reveals some paradoxical outcomes in which the region is reaffirmed as a site of investment in an evidently globalised industry, and the significance of who controls what fraction of the value chain is re-asserted.     

The shift between worlds of production as an innovative process in the wine industry in Castile and Leon (Spain)

This article draws on the theory of conventions and the concept of worlds of production for an interpretation of the transformations of a regional production system over several decades. Wine production in the Spanish region of Castile and Leon has shifted from a world of local and interpersonal production (prevailing before 1960) to the current preferred orientation towards quality markets, having passed through an intermediate phase (1960-1980) of table and bulk wines industrial production. Recently, indications have appeared of a return to an interpersonal and neo-artisanal production on the part of prestigious winemakers who distribute their wines to selected international clients. This path is the result of a gradual modification of the dominant conventions of the business, which has experienced a spectacular development in Castile and Leon, whose wines are now appreciated in many foreign markets. This evolution of conventions may be interpreted as an innovative process maintained to challenge the trends and demands of the market. But this argument does not explain how conventions change and how these changes spread along the production chain. Therefore, this article discusses the contribution of three factors to this shift across different worlds of wine production: organization of the production chain; regulations regarding the protection of food differentiated according to its geographic origin; and the setting up of a regional innovation system which supports the wine sector.     

Wine, regions and the geographic imperative: The Coonawarra example

Abstract:   The growth of the global wine trade has focused attention on regional origin in the production, marketing and consumption of wine. This paper presents a case study of the regulatory processes around the development of one particular South Australian wine region: Coonawarra. The process of the delineation of the Coonawarra region illustrates the tensions between treating wine regions as biophysical entities, and the realities of the economic, political, legal and cultural forces that shape regions. The paper highlights how ambiguities in the physical and social criteria that frame regional definition legislation can lead to boundaries that form through a process of judicial accretion rather than relating directly to any of the criteria themselves.     

Business associations and local development: The Okanagan wine industry’s response to NAFTA

Business associations (BAs) represent a widely prevalent institution contingent upon a plethora of regional and industrial contexts around the world. Although their role in local development is rarely highlighted this paper argues that analysis of the structure and strategies of BAs reveals important insights into the problematic nature of external economies, typically based on the willingness of highly independent small firms to share and possibly fund some common service(s). BAs illustrate cooperative behaviour and their fragmentation indicates limits to cooperation and thereby to the contested nature of this particular external economy. Conceptually, the paper interprets BAs as institutional expressions of local cooperation and theorizes their strategy and structure in terms of a ‘logic of exchange’ model. This model defines the relationships between BAs, their members (organizational domains) and governments in terms of the logics of ‘membership’ and ‘influence’ that help understand the opportunities afforded and tensions imposed by the rationale and dynamics of cooperation. Empirically, the paper examines the formation and performance of BAs in the restructuring of the Okanagan’s wine industry that was stimulated by the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the US and Canada in 1989 and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1991. In the Okanagan wine industry, a newly formed BA was vital in helping firms overcome the crisis generated by free trade. However, subsequent fragmentation that arose out of member disenchantment with logics of influence and membership, indicated limits to local cooperation that may constitute a significant diseconomy in a future crisis.     

农村家庭利用自酿米酒去除地下水中硝酸盐的初步研究

为去除农村家庭饮用地下水中的硝酸盐,以农村自酿米酒为碳源,利用简易的沙桶装置开展了反硝化去除硝酸盐的实验,对比了不同乙醇浓度下的反硝化效果。实验结果表明,以沙桶为实验装置,自酿米酒为碳源,在家庭中异位反硝化去除抽取地下水中的硝酸盐方法是有效果,易操作的。硝酸盐的去除率和C/N质量比有直接关系,当C/N质量比大于1.99时,硝酸盐去除率达99%,亚硝酸盐零积累,但易积累乙酸盐;当C/N质量比为0.89时,硝酸盐去除率达99%,生成物亚硝酸盐浓度远高于国家饮用水限值(1 mg/L);当C/N质量比为0.43时,反硝化过程不彻底,硝酸盐去除率不高,且易生成溶度较高的亚硝酸盐。溶解氧的存在不会对反硝化产生显著影响。米酒和硝酸盐之间的C/N最佳比例,宜大于本次实验的0.89,小于1.99,利用农村自酿米酒作为碳源去除地下水中硝酸盐是可行的。