岩浆Cu-Ni-PGE矿床研究现状及发展趋势

从全球视野分析研究了世界岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的大地构造分布和成岩成矿类型,特别是通过上世纪末新发现的加拿大Voisey′s Bay矿床与俄罗斯Noril′sk等世界级矿床特征的对比研究,突出强调了大火成岩省(LIPs)对大规模岩浆硫化物矿床形成的意义,从更加宏观的角度审视了世界级岩浆硫化物矿床形成的地质背景和岩浆作用条件,为中国金川等岩浆Cu-Ni-PGE硫化物矿床的深入研究提供了参照背景。评述分析了当代岩浆硫化物矿床成矿研究中,幔源岩浆中硫化物液相不混溶(熔离)的演化轨迹,对岩浆萃取地壳中的硫改变硫化物饱和度促成不混溶作用发生的可能性和条件进行了探讨,进一步讨论了岩浆演化过程中,亲铜元素(Ni、Cu、Co、Pt和Pd等)进入硫化物液相成为金属硫化物或先期进入先结晶的橄榄石、辉石矿物成为氧化物的物理化学行为,并通过加拿大Sudbury陨石撞击构造成因矿床复合热液对硫化物矿体形成贡献的讨论,提出了热液作用对岩浆硫化物矿床成矿的可能贡献。分析判断了中国岩浆Cu-Ni-PGE硫化物矿床的成矿特点和金川超大型岩浆Cu-Ni-PGE矿床外围的找矿潜力。     

杨柳坪岩浆Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床PGE地球化学特征

杨柳坪岩浆Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床与大石包组玄武岩的PGE原始地幔标准化配分模式为向左倾斜的PPGE富集型.PGE特征参数表明,正子岩窝岩(矿)体与大石包组玄武岩具有负Pt异常和Rh的富集的特征,这可能反映了岩浆早期Pt-Fe合金的析出以及未发生尖晶石相的结晶分离的演化历史.大石包组玄武岩的PGE参数与正子岩窝岩(矿)体的总体趋势具有很好的吻合性,暗示着两者之间具有一定的成生联系.     

The Munali Ni sulfide deposit,southern Zambia: A multi-stage,mafic-ultramafic,magmatic sulfide-magnetite-apatite-carbonate megabreccia

The Munali Intrusive Complex (MIC) is a flattened tube-shaped, mafic-ultramafic intrusion located close to the southern Congo Craton margin in the Zambezi belt of southern Zambia. It is made up of a Central Gabbro Unit (CGU) core, surrounded by a Marginal Ultramafic-mafic Breccia Unit (MUBU), which contains magmatic Ni sulfide mineralisation. The MIC was emplaced into a sequence of metamorphosed Neoproterozoic rift sediments and is entirely hosted within a unit of marble. Munali has many of the characteristics of craton-margin, conduit-style, dyke-sill complex-hosted magmatic sulfide deposits. Three-dimensional modelling of the MUBU on the southern side of the MIC, where the Munali Nickel Mine is located, reveals a laterally discontinuous body located at the boundary between footwall CGU and hangingwall metasediments. Mapping of underground faces demonstrates the MUBU to have intruded after the CGU and be a highly complex, multi stage megabreccia made up of atypical ultramafic rocks (olivinites, olivine-magnetite rocks, and phoscorites), poikilitic gabbro and olivine basalt/dolerite dykes, brecciated on a millimetre to metre scale by magmatic sulfide. The breccia matrix is largely made up of a sulfide assemblage of pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite-pyrite with varying amounts of magnetite, apatite and carbonate. The sulfides become more massive towards the footwall contact. Late stage, high temperature sulfide-carbonate-magnetite veins cut the rest of the MUBU. The strong carbonate signature is likely due, in part, to contamination from the surrounding marbles, but may also be linked to a carbonatite melt related to the phoscorites. Ductile deformation and shear fabrics are displayed by talc-carbonate altered ultramafic clasts that may represent gas streaming textures by CO₂-rich fluids. High precision U-Pb geochronology on zircons give ages of 862.39 ± 0.84 Ma for the poikilitic gabbro and 857.9 ± 1.9 Ma for the ultramafics, highlighting the multi-stage emplacement but placing both mafic and later ultramafic magma emplacement within the Neoproterozoic rifting of the Zambezi Ocean, most likely as sills or sheet-like bodies. Sulfide mineralisation is associated with brecciation of the ultramafics and so is constrained to a maximum age of 858 Ma. The Ni- and Fe-rich nature of the sulfides reflect either early stage sulfide saturation by contamination, or the presence of a fractionated sulfide body with Cu-rich sulfide elsewhere in the system. Munali is an example of a complex conduit-style Ni sulfide deposit affected by multiple stages and sources of magmatism during rifting at a craton margin, subsequent deformation; and where mafic and carbonatitic melts have interacted along deep seated crustal fault systems to produce a mineralogically unusual deposit.     

The geology,geochemistry and Ni-Cu-PGE potential of mafic-ultramafic bodies associated with the Dido Batholith,North Queensland,Australia

Four elongate, km-scale, mafic to ultramafic bodies (UMB) were identified within the Ordovician-Silurian Dido Batholith, north Queensland, and were assessed for Ni-Cu-PGE fertility. The UMB comprise layered cumulate sequences and represent open-system intrusions emplaced at mid-crustal levels. The UMB are divided into two petrographically and geochemically distinct types: (1) low-Fe UMB (3 intrusions), comprising dunites, wehrlites, troctolites and olivine gabbro which contain variable amounts of olivine (Fo_85–72), clinopyroxene (Mg# 0.87–0.73), plagioclase (An_92–72) and chromites; and (2) high-Fe UMB (1 intrusion), comprising dunites, wehrlites and pyroxenites which lack chromites, contain abundant early crystallising Fe-Ti oxides and hornblende, and less primitive olivines (Fo_78–72) and pyroxenes (Mg# 0.87–0.73). The calculated parent magmas of the low-Fe UMB contained 8–10 wt% of both MgO and FeO_t, whereas the high-Fe UMB parent magmas were more evolved, having higher FeO_t (12–16 wt%) and lower MgO (6.2–8.2 wt%), Ni and Cr concentrations. The parent magmas of the Dido UMB are interpreted as mantle-derived arc rift or backarc tholeiites, and mineral compositions suggest the UMB are similar to arc-cumulate, Klamath-type intrusions. Crustal contamination during ascent is suggested to be responsible for the LREE-enriched and Nb- and Ti-depleted nature of the UMB parent magmas. A two-component Sr-Nd isotope mixing model suggests that the addition of variable amounts (<5% in the low-Fe UMB and 9–10% in the high-Fe UMB) of 2000–2500 Ma igneous crustal contaminant to tholeiitic melts derived from a slightly enriched mantle source can account for isotopic compositions of the UMB. Although the mantle-derived, crustally contaminated nature of the parent magmas are positive factors for magmatic sulphide mineralisation, economic mineralisation has not been found associated with the UMB. Geochemical discriminators, such as Cu/Pd and Ni-depletion, suggest that the magmas that formed the km-scale UMB were chalcophile element-depleted, having undergone a previous S-saturation event (i.e., significant sulphide-deposition) at depth. The slight PGE-enrichment in the high-Fe cumulates (up to 160 ppb of both Pt and Pd) is suggested to be due to the addition of small amounts of PGE to the high-Fe magmas from an external source. There is no evidence to suggest that large volumes of PGE-enriched sulphides were added to the UMB magmas. These findings, in addition to the knowledge that most large deposits are associated with intracontinental settings rather than convergent settings, determined that the investigated Dido UMB are low-priority Ni-Cu-PGE targets. However, the likelihood that the Dido UMB were emplaced in local extensional regimes within subduction-related environments, i.e., a similar geodynamic setting to economic deposits such as Aguablanca (Spain), requires that other UMB in the Dido area are assessed on an individual basis.     

Ni–Cu–(PGE) magmatic sulfide deposits in the Yangliuping area,Permian Emeishan igneous province,SW China

The Ni–Cu–PGE sulfide deposits in the Yangliuping area, SW China, are hosted in mafic–ultramafic sills. The four mineralized sills are located in the Yangliuping tectonic dome and intrude Devonian carbonaceous marble, graphitic schist. The sills are 200–300 m thick and 1,000–2,000 m in strike length and now consist chiefly of serpentinite, talc schist, tremolite schist, and meta-gabbro. Disseminated Ni–Cu sulfide mineralisation occurs in the serpentinite in the lower parts of the sills. Massive sulfide mineralisation is located in the base of the sills and in the footwall along fractures beneath the mineralized serpentinite. Although the sulfide ores have been modified by hydrothermal activity, there are relict cumulate textures in the disseminated sulfides indicating a magmatic origin for the ores. The Yangliuping Intrusions and the Dashibao Formation have similar primitive-mantle normalized trace element and platinum group element (PGE) patterns, indicating that they are derived from a common parental magma type. The positive correlation between Cu concentrations and Cu/Zr ratios of the Dashibao Formation basalts indicates that the chalcophile elements were removed before eruption. We propose that fractional crystallization of the Yangliuping magma accompanied by the introduction of S and CO₂ from the wall rocks caused the magma to become S-saturated leading to the segregation of magmatic sulfides that became enriched in Ni–Cu–(PGE). The sills acted as conduits for the overlying Dashibao Formation basalts with the sulfide liquid, along with early crystallizing olivine and pyroxene, segregating from the magma as it passed through the conduits prior to eruption.Editorial handling: H.E. Frimmel     

膏盐层在Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床成矿中的作用 ——以俄罗斯诺里尔斯克矿床为例

与基性-超基性侵入体有关的Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床是镍-铜-铂族元素矿床的最重要类型。传统观点认为,Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床是由成矿岩浆分异演化、熔离形成的,与围岩性质关系不大。实际上,大部分基性-超基性岩浆是硫化物不饱和的,在岩浆自身演化过程中难以聚集大量硫化物而形成有经济价值的大型高品位NiCu-PGE硫化物矿床。因此,壳源硫的加入是基性-超基性岩浆中硫化物浓度达到过饱和,熔离形成Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床的关键。膏盐层是富含石膏等硫酸盐(SO24-)的蒸发沉积建造,除SO24-外,还富含Cl-、CO23-、Na+、K+等盐类物质,在自然界分布广、面积大,是地壳中重要的硫源层和氧化障。但膏盐层在Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床中的作用长期被忽视,制约了Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床成矿找矿理论的发展。文章以世界最大的俄罗斯诺里尔斯克Ni-CuPGE硫化物矿床为例,介绍了膏盐层与矿床分布的空间关系、石膏等硫酸盐矿物在矿床和蚀变围岩中的分布、成矿元素和硫同位素组成特征及变化规律,阐明了膏盐层在成矿中的作用和控矿机理。膏盐(SO24-)的加入,可以大幅度提高成矿系统的氧逸度,将成矿岩浆中Fe2+氧化成Fe3+,形成铁氧化物,SO24-自身被还原,向成矿系统提供还原硫S2-,与Cu2+、Ni2+等结合,形成铜镍硫化物等,使基性-超基性成矿岩浆由硫化物不饱和变为过饱和,形成硫化物小液滴,在岩浆房经聚集-熔离-富集,形成岩浆型Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床。除膏盐层外,富含硫化物的地层也是形成Ni-Cu-PGE硫化物矿床的重要硫源层。     

Low temperature alteration of magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides as a source for hydrothermal Ni and PGE ores: A quantitative approach using automated mineralogy

Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide assemblages are almost ubiquitously comprised of pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite(-pyrite). Sulfide alteration is common during syn- or post-magmatic fluid interaction, usually replacing sulfides with amphiboles or serpentine. However, some are altered to a low temperature (<200 °C) hydrothermal assemblage of pyrite-millerite-chalcopyrite (PMC). An example is the Ni-Cu-PGE mineralisation in the Grasvally-Norite-Pyroxenite-Anorthosite (GNPA) Member, northern Bushveld Complex, which displays a continuum of mineralogical styles formed through progressive alteration: Style 1 primary pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite; which is altered to Style 2 pyrrhotite-pyrite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite; Style 3 pyrite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite; Style 4 pyrite-pentlandite-millerite-chalcopyrite; and Style 5 pyrite-millerite-chalcopyrite-cubanite. Modelling using CHILLER confirms this mineralogical sequence is thermodynamically possible at ∼200 °C. Quantitative characterisation using automated Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping alongside in situ laser ablation analyses determined mineral proportions, major and trace element concentrations and deportments in each style. The early loss of pyrrhotite removes over half of the bulk Fe and S during the initial stages of PMC alteration, increasing Cu, Ni and PGE tenors of the remaining sulfides significantly. As water–rock interaction progresses, pyrrhotite is replaced by pyrite and pentlandite by millerite, with concurrent losses in Fe, S and Ni. Copper is lost throughout the alteration, and is most pronounced in the more advanced stages. The fluids responsible were most likely acidic and oxidised, with metals mobilised as chloride complexes. Using Rh as an immobile normalising element, the overall mass loss in the most altered samples is calculated to be up to 90%, consistent with textural relationships that indicate 40–90% volume loss from Styles 2–5, with sulfides replaced by secondary silicates, including phlogopite, quartz, chlorite, pyroxenes and minor amphiboles. Magnetite is not a significant alteration product and thus Fe is mobilised, or incorporated into silicates. Most trace elements present in the magmatic sulfide (the IPGE, Rh and Bi) remain in the sulfide phases, and are effectively transferred to pyrite during PMC alteration, except Pd, which remains in pentlandite, and is liberated from the sulfide assemblage when pentlandite disappears. Selenium tenors increase slightly with alteration, demonstrating that alteration decreases S/Se ratios. The significant mobilisation of Ni, Cu and Pd during PMC alteration produces fluids enriched in these elements that may represent a metal source for a number of enigmatic hydrothermal Ni deposits such as Avebury, Enterprise and Talvivaara, whose metal sources remain speculative. The PMC alteration of the GNPA Member may be specifically a source for the nearby Waterberg hydrothermal Pt deposit. Furthermore, this study has implications not only for magmatic ore deposits, but also for the general implications of sulfide transformation and metal transfer in ore systems in general.     

四川省会理县青矿山Ni-Cu-PGE矿床成因机制的Re-Os同位素证据

青矿山Ni-Cu-PGE矿床位于四川会理县小关河地区,是峨眉山大火成岩省中典型含铂岩浆硫化物矿床之一。本文对该矿床开展了Re-Os同位素组成的分析研究。分析结果表明,不同类型岩矿石的初始Os同位素组成具有明显的不均一性,主要区分出三种不同Os同位素组成的岩矿石类型:不含硫化物的橄辉岩具低γOs,变化范围从15.3到40.3;致密块状和浸染状硫化物矿石相近,γOs值在260左右;海绵陨铁状矿石具有最高的放射性Os同位素组成,γOs值在1000左右。分析认为,青矿山Ni-Cu-PGE矿床是多级岩浆房演化的结果,原始岩浆具有苦橄质岩浆的性质,成矿岩体中不含硫化物的橄辉岩具有低的放射性Os同位素组成,其母岩浆不是矿石硫化物的直接母体;致密块状和浸染状硫化物矿石与海绵陨铁状矿石也具有不同的放射性Os同位素组成,是成矿岩浆演化过程中不同期次岩浆硫化物熔离形成的。模式分析认为:(1)原始岩浆在深部岩浆房受到下地壳混染(约1.8%),造成少量Cu、Ni及PGE元素进入熔离硫化物形成PGE适度亏损的成矿母岩浆;(2)海绵陨铁状矿石硫化物是PGE适度亏损的成矿母岩浆受下地壳二次混染形成的具有很高放射性Os同位素组成的岩浆(γOs_(t=260Ma)高达1000)经二次硫化物熔离(R≈1000)所形成;(3)PGE适度亏损的成矿母岩浆受上地壳二次混染(约6.7%),形成具有较高放射性Os同位素组成的岩浆(γOs_(t=260Ma)在260左右)并发生二次硫化物熔离(R≈5000),部分熔离硫化物积聚成矿浆形成块状硫化物矿石,未得到充分积聚的熔离硫化物形成浸染状硫化物矿石。Os同位素组成的不均一性表明青矿山Ni-Cu-PGE矿床为岩浆通道系统成矿,是多级岩浆房演化过程中不同期次含矿岩浆在岩浆通道系统中复合的结果。     

Exhumation and Preservation of the Jinchuan Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit under the East Longshou Mountain Thermal Evolution,Revealed by Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology

Uplift and exhumation are important factors affecting the preservation of deposits. The anatomy of uplift-cooling evolution and exhumation in the East Longshou Mountain is of significant research value in understanding changes in the Jinchuan Ni-Cu-PGE deposit since its formation. This study uses apatite fission track(AFT) thermochronology to reconstruct the thermal history of the East Longshou Mountain, including the Jinchuan mine, revealing the uplift and exhumation history of the East Longsho...     

Platinum-group Elements Geochemistry of the Yangliuping Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE Sulfide Deposit： Implications of Its Genetic Link with the Extrusive Basalts

Primitive mantle-normalized Platinum-group elements (PGE) concentration patterns for the Zhengziyanwo intrusion and Dashibao Formation basalts are of positive slope, similar to most of the world-class magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits. Characters of this intrusion and its related ores and Dashibao Formation basalts are their negative Pt-anomaly and high concentration of Rh relative to Pt and Pd, facts being interpreted to be the results of crystallization and fractionation of Pt-alloys and spinel phase-free crystallization history for the magma, respectively. PGE parameters of the Dashibao Formation basalts are consistent with the general trend of those found for the Zhengziyanwo intrusion, and this might infer a genetic link between them.