Pyroxenite xenoliths and clinopyroxene megacrysts from the Cenozoic Jbel Saghro Volcanic Field (Anti-Atlas,Morocco): Petrography,mineral chemistry and equilibration conditions

A suite of mafic pyroxenite xenoliths and clinopyroxene megacrysts was brought to the surface by Cenozoic nephelinites of the Jbel Saghro Volcanic Field (Anti-Atlas, Morocco). The large population of samples was subdivided into five groups: (i) clinopyroxenites sensu stricto; (ii) olivine clinopyroxenites; (iii) mica-bearing clinopyroxenites; (iv) kaersutite-bearing clinopyroxenites; (v) clinopyroxene megacrysts. These xenoliths display a cumulate texture (adcumulate, heteradcumulate with poikilitic clinopyroxene including olivine). The clinopyroxenes have the composition of augite and show an appreciable variation of MgO (7.02–14.80 wt.%), TiO₂ (0.58–5.76 wt.%) and Al₂O₃ (2.81–12.38 wt.%) contents in grains. The clinopyroxenes are characterized by convex upward chondrite-normalized REE patterns, they display very similar trace element compositions with low contents of incompatible elements such as Rb (0−0.9 ppm), Ba (0.1–8.3 ppm), Th (0.1−0.3 ppm), U (0.01−0.04 ppm) and Nb (1.3–3.2 ppm). REE contents of the calculated melts in equilibrium with the clinopyroxene megacrysts and clinopyroxene from pyroxenite xenoliths are similar to those of the nephelinites exposed in Jbel Saghro. Crystallization temperatures of pyroxenite xenoliths and clinopyroxene megacrysts range from 950 °C to 1150 °C. Clinopyroxene barometry yielded pressure of crystallization ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 GPa for pyroxenite xenoliths and 0.3 to 0.7 GPa for clinopyroxene megacrysts. This pressure range is in agreement with pyroxenite xenoliths and clinopyroxene megacrysts being crystallized from their parental melts at the lower and upper crust.     

The nephelinitic–phonolitic volcanism of the Trindade Island (South Atlantic Ocean): Review of the stratigraphy,and inferences on the volcanic styles and sources of nephelinites

Trindade Island is located in the South Atlantic Ocean, 1170 km from the Brazilian coast, and represents the eastern end of the E–W Vitória–Trindade Chain. It shows the youngest plume-induced (ca. 3.7 to <0.17 Ma) subaerial volcanism on the South American plate, associated with the Trindade plume activity. Almeida (1961) recognized five volcanogenic successions at Trindade (in decreasing age): the Trindade Complex (TC, >2.4 Ma) and the Desejado (DF, ∼2.4 to 1.5 Ma), Morro Vermelho (MV, <0.17 Ma), Valado (VF, no age) and Paredão (PF, no age) formations, composed of effusive–pyroclastic deposits and subvolcanic intrusions associated with nephelinite–phonolite volcanic episodes. We revised the original Almeida's (1961) stratigraphy with additional field work and petrography to recognize eruptive styles and processes within the nephelinite–phonolite volcanism. Also, available geochemical databases were used to improve the stratigraphic correlation between nephelinites from different units and to characterize their mantle sources.The nephelinitic volcanism may represent Strombolian and Hawaiian–type activity of low viscosity and volatile–rich lavas interlayered with pyroclastic successions (fall–out deposits). Phonolitic deposits record explosive Vulcanian–style episodes of volatile–rich and higher–viscosity lavas interlayered with pyroclastic deposits (mostly pyroclastic flows). Geochemical data allowed the individualization of nephelinites as follows: (1) MV olivine–rich nephelinites and all olivine–free varieties are low K₂O/Na₂O, K₂O/TiO₂ and intermediate CaO/Al₂O₃ that may be derived from N–MORB and HIMU mantle components; (2) the VF olivine–rich nephelinites have high K₂O/Na₂O, K₂O/TiO₂ and CaO/Al₂O₃ that indicates both EM and HIMU mantle sources and; (3) the PF olivine–rich nephelinites show high K₂O/TiO₂ similar to those from VF, and intermediate CaO/Al₂O₃ as nephelinites from MV rocks, suggesting a mixed source with EM + HIMU > N–MORB components.We suggest that the HIMU and EM mantle types resulted from metasomatic episode(s) in the peridotitic mantle beneath the Trindade Island during the Brasiliano Orogeny and later, as previously pointed out by Marques et al. (1999). Thus, the major HIMU component would relate to recycled oceanic crust or lithospheric mantle (mostly CO₂–eclogites) whereas the less important EM component to recycled marine or continental sediments.     

陆内强碱性火山岩的成因：以山东无棣大山霞石岩为例

本文以山东无棣的大山更新世霞石岩为例,通过全岩的元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成特征,探讨陆内强碱性幔源火山岩的成因及其源区特征。山东地区的新生代玄武岩主要分为早晚两期,早期以橄榄玄武岩为主,晚期以强碱性岩为主（包括霞石岩、碧玄岩等,常见地幔橄榄岩捕掳体）。大山霞石岩为晚期火山作用的代表,具有富碱和贫硅铝等强碱性火山岩的典型特征。在微量元素组成上,大山霞石岩以强烈富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,在原始地幔标准化图上以明显亏损Zr、Hf、Ti为特征(Hf/Hf^*=0.66~0.68,Ti/Ti^*=0.68~0.70)。其Sr-Nd-Hf同位素比值均一(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr>=0.70333~0.70339,ε_Nd=5.95~6.34,ε_Hf>=8.26~8.43),与早期玄武岩组成一个两端元混合的排列,其中大山霞石岩位于亏损端元一侧。在同位素组成相同的情况下,大山霞石岩相对山东新生代早期玄武岩具有明显偏低的Hf/Sm、Hf/Hf^*、Ti/Ti^*比值,说明源区残留矿物组合可以造成高场强元素Zr、Hf、Ti与稀土元素之间的明显分馏,暗示源区存在非橄榄岩组分。大山霞石岩相对橄榄岩来源熔体偏低的CaO含量和偏高的Zr/Hf比(47.9~48.4),说明其源区残留过剩的单斜辉石,源岩中的非橄榄岩成分为辉石岩或角闪石岩。中等亏损的同位素组成特征说明这些非橄榄岩组分可能与该区显生宙的地壳重循环过程有关。