Ground deformation of Nisyros Volcano (Greece) for the period 1995–2002: Results from DInSAR and DGPS observations

Differential GPS (DGPS) and Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) analyses were applied to the Kos-Yali-Nisyros Volcanic Field (SE Hellenic Volcanic Arc) to quantify the ground deformation of Nisyros Volcano. After intense seismic activity in 1996, a GPS network was installed in June 1997 and re-occupied annually up to 2002. A general uplift ranging from 14 to 140 mm was determined at all stations of the network. The corresponding horizontal displacements ranged from 13 to 53 mm. The displacement vectors indicate that the island is undergoing extension towards the East, West and South. A two-source “Mogi” model combined with assumed motion along the Mandraki Fault was constructed to fit the observed deformation. The best-fit model assumes sources at a depth of 5500 m NW of the centre of the island and at 6500 m offshore ESE of Yali Island. DInSAR analysis using four pairs of images taken between May 1995 and September 2000 suggests that deformation was occurring during 1995 before the start of the seismic crisis. An amplitude of at least 56 mm along the slant range appeared for the period 1996 through 1999. This deformation is consistent with the two-source model invoked in DGPS modelling. Surface evidence of ground deformation is expressed in the contemporaneous reactivation of the Mandraki Fault. In addition, a 600 m long N-S trending irregular rupture in the caldera floor was formed between 2001 and 2002. This rupture is interpreted as the release of surface stress in the consolidated epiclastic and hydrothermal sediments of the caldera floor.     

Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence,with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano

An elastic point source model proposed by Mogi for magma chamber inflation and deflation has been applied to geodetic data collected at many volcanoes. The volume of ground surface uplift or subsidence estimated from this model is closely related to the volume of magma injection into or withdrawal from the reservoir below. The analytical expressions for these volumes are reviewed for a spherical chamber and it is shown that they differ by the factor 2(1-v), where v is Poisson's ratio of the host rock. For the common estimate v=0.25, as used by Mogi and subsequent workers, the uplift volume is 3/2 the injection volume. For highly fractured rocks, v can be even less and the uplift volume can approach twice the injection volume. Unfortunately, there is no single relation between the inflation of magma reservoirs and the dilation or contraction of host rocks. The inflation of sill-like bodies, for instance, generates no overall change in host rock volume. Inflation of dike-like bodies generates contraction such that, in contrast with Mogi's result, the uplift volume is generally less than the injection volume; for v=0.25, the former is only 3/4 of the latter. Estimates of volumes of magma injection or withdrawal are there-fore greatly dependent on the magma reservoir configuration. Ground surface tilt data collected during the 1960 collapse of Kilauea crater, one of the first events interpreted with Mogi's model and one of the largest collapses measured at Kilauea, is not favored by any one of a variety of deformation models. These models, however, predict substantially different volumes of both magma withdrawal and ground surface subsidence.     

腾冲火山区地表垂直形变分析

对腾冲火山区1998～2000年的3期垂直形变资料进行了分析，进而利用相关资料得出与计算有关的参数，再用多元Mogi模型反演了岩浆房的位置和大小，所得出的结果与地震层析反演结果基本相似。分析反演结果，认为火山区可能存在多个岩浆房，并有岩脉相通。     

基于改进的Mogi模型对樟树盐矿采空区地面沉降的分析

樟树现代医药物流中心项目区周边采卤井引发的地面沉降是关系到项目区能否投入建设的关键问题。Mogi模型是基于半无限空间弹性理论的地面沉降预测模型,而盐矿采空区地表沉降变形的主要诱因是地下腔体体积的蠕变收缩,通过引入稳态蠕变阶段盐溶腔体积收缩解析解,对Mogi模型进行改进,并应用于项目区的地面沉降预测,利用沉降叠加的方法获得采卤井群诱发地面沉降发展趋势。结果显示：樟树医药物流中心周边卤井群蠕变引发的地面沉降及地面倾斜均在地基基础设计规范要求范围内;随着与井群距离的增大,项目区内地面倾斜呈现先增大后变小的趋势。同时,利用改进的Mogi模型得到的地面沉降和地面倾斜与相同条件下数值模拟沉降结果有着良好的相似,改进的Mogi模型为盐矿采空区及盐穴储气库的地面沉降分析提供了一种准确、快速的方法。     

新疆呼图壁地下储气库的InSAR形变监测与模拟

利用TerraSAR-X卫星2013-08~2014-08的17景雷达影像,采用小基线集（small baseline subset,SBAS）InSAR技术获取呼图壁(HTB)地下储气库（underground gas storage,UGS）运行期间的地表形变序列,并结合UGS注（采）气井口的压力数据,采用多点源Mogi模型,对HTB UGS的形变场进行模拟。结果表明,整个UGS区域的形变特征为非连续分布,形变与注（采）气压力变化具有较好的相关性;注（采）气期间沿卫星视线向(LOS)的形变峰值分别为10 mm和-8 mm;采用自适应前向搜索法,基于多点源Mogi模型初步模拟注（采）气期间的形变过程,当UGS的注（采）气平均气压为18 MPa和15 MPa时,LOS的形变可达7 mm和-4 mm,地表形变的大小与注（采）气井口密度有关;UGS的储气分布呈非均匀状态,即地下气库结构复杂多变。     

基于InSAR、GPS形变场的长白山地区火山岩浆囊参数模拟研究

利用差分合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（DInSAR）获取长白山地区的形变场.结果显示1995~1998年期间,位于长白山东南侧的间白山火山存在6~12 cm的视线向形变,而长白山天池火山处于平静期,没有明显形变.利用2002~2003年的GPS和水准获取的形变数据,分别采用Mogi单源、双源模型反演了长白山地区火山的岩浆囊参数.其中双源模型拟合效果较为理想,两个点源一个位于长白山天池老火山口下方7.9 km处,另一个位于间白山火山下方5.5 km处.对双源模型反演得到的岩浆囊参数进行适当调整,拟合得到与InSAR形变场基本吻合的结果.上述研究结果表明长白山地区火山活动存在时间上的间歇性和空间上的迁移性,为进一步研究长白山地区火山活动机制提供了参考和依据.     

长白山火山区几何形变的联合反演

应用长白山火山区的水准和GPS资料，采用Mogi源模型对火山区的压力源参数进行联合反演，并考虑天池火山南侧断层的影响，利用Okada的断层位错模型对长白山火山区近年来的主要活动区天池火山的地下岩浆的可能变化进行推测，得出以下结论：长白山天池火山浅层目前为单一的压力源，位置仍在天池老火山口一带；近几年岩浆上涌活动比较明显；天池南侧的北西向隐伏断裂有一定的活动性。     

Numerical simulation of the influence of small-scale defects on the true-triaxial strength of rock samples

A numerical model is used to investigate the influence of randomly located ‘defects’ on the strength of rock samples with a Mogi–Coulomb three-dimensional failure criterion that are subjected to polyaxial states of stress. A methodology is presented to compute ‘equivalent’ Mohr–Coulomb strength parameters as a function of the ‘instantaneous’ stress, and sensitivity analyses are employed to study the influence of the stress state, of the total percentage of defects, and of the type of spatial distribution of defects within the sample. Results indicate that increments of strength due to the intermediate principal stress are less relevant for samples with defects, hence suggesting that the influence of polyaxial stress states is less significant for rock masses (that incorporate ‘defects’ or ‘discontinuities’ into their structure) than for intact rock. Results also indicate that the strength of rock with defects can be modelled as a ‘homogeneous’ material with reduced strength properties. The reduction factors are a linear function of the percentage of defects, and they tend to be greater for “lumped” defects than for “isolated” defects.     

呼图壁地下储气库部分区域地表垂直形变机理研究

利用在呼图壁地下储气库开展的2013~2015年7期二等水准测量获得的高差数据,对由于地表气井压力变化影响而发生的地下储气库地表垂直变形进行了分析。研究表明,呼图壁地下储气库区的地表变形除了构造成因引起的盆地下沉以外,其他主要形变成因来源有2个方面：一个是呼图壁地区的地下水超采影响着该地区的地表垂直变化;另一个是储气库集采气期间井口压力变化影响下的地表沉降,根据计算,储气库每MPa气井压力变化影响到的地表变化约为0.625~1.125mm。     

Mogi模型在长白山天池火山GNSS监测网布设中的应用

长白山天池火山地球物理探测结果显示,天池火山口附近8-10km深度下存在与高温物质或岩浆囊有关的低速结构。根据这一结果,利用Mogi模型对该深度岩浆囊变形产生的地表形变敏感区进行计算,结果表明,垂直变形敏感区主要集中在火山口周缘,水平变形敏感区位于距火山口中心5．6—7km处,这一结果对建立长白山天池火山GNSS监测网具有参考意义。