华北克拉通南缘鲁山太古宙基底的形成和演化

鲁山地区保存和出露很好的太古宙基底岩石。文章报道了2件魏庄片麻岩的原岩年龄分别为(2867±5)Ma和(2768±5)Ma,变质作用时代分别为(2775±6)Ma和(2775±56)Ma。结合已发表数据,魏庄片麻岩原岩形成时代可大致分为2867~2928 Ma和2765~2768 Ma两个阶段;榆树庄片麻岩原岩形成于2829~2897 Ma、2752~2778 Ma和2723 Ma;斜长角闪岩原岩形成于2838~2845 Ma、2747~2794 Ma和2730 Ma。尽管三者岩性上存在差异,但原岩形成的期次和时代相当,指示它们在成因上可能存在联系。鲁山多地陆续发现2.8~2.9 Ga的岩石,表明该地区存在一定规模的中太古代基底。通过与胶东、霍邱等地对比,笔者认为华北克拉通南缘可能存在中太古代的古老陆块,其重要的初生地壳生长事件发生在2.9~3.0 Ga。     

The Mesoarchean emergence of modern-style subduction

Well-preserved volcanic sequences span the Paleoarchean to Neoarchean evolution of the Pilbara Craton, in northwestern Australia. This region provides the best physical evidence bearing on the stage of Earth's history when modern-style tectonic processes began. Paleoarchean assemblages in the eastern nucleus of the craton (the 3.51–3.24 Ga Pilbara Supergroup) show few features that can reasonably be interpreted as evidence for modern-style subduction processes. Incompatible trace element-enriched felsic volcanic horizons show geochemical evidence for the interaction between mafic magmas and crust, but this evidence, on its own, can equally well be interpreted in terms of either a subduction-enriched mantle source or local and limited assimilation of felsic crust into the voluminous tholeiitic magmas that dominate the Pilbara Supergroup. Viewed in context within the thick autochthonous and consistently upward-younging Pilbara Supergroup, these felsic units are most likely related to the same plume-dominated processes that formed the basalts that dominate the supergroup. It is very unlikely that modern-style plate tectonic processes played any role in the Paleoarchean evolution of the Pilbara Craton, although some form of non-uniformitarian (e.g. flat) subduction process may have operated.In stark contrast, the Mesoarchean units of the West Pilbara Terrane and the late-tectonic basins that cover that boundary between the West and East Pilbara Terranes, show clear evidence for modern-style convergent margin processes. Igneous rocks in this belt, which flanks the old eastern cratonic nuclei, have enriched geochemical signatures that cannot be accounted for by crustal contamination. This region is also characterised by a linear magmatic and structural fabric, by the presence of lithologically and geochronologically exotic belts, and by the presence of a broad belt of isotopically more juvenile crust. The collective strength of these arguments provides compelling evidence that a modern-style oceanic arc fringed the East Pilbara Terrane at 3.12 Ga and accreted to that terrane by 2.97 Ga. These assemblages mark the minimum age for the birth of modern-style plate subduction process.     

Timing and development of sedimentation of the Cleaverville Formation and a post‐accretion pull‐apart system in the Cleaverville area,coastal Pilbara Terrane,Pilbara, Western Australia

In the Cleaverville area of Western Australia, the Regal, Dixon Island, and Cleaverville Formations preserve a Mesoarchean lower‐greenschist‐facies volcano‐sedimentary succession in the coastal Pilbara Terrane. These formations are distributed in a rhomboidal‐shaped area and are unconformably overlain by two narrowly distributed shallow‐marine sedimentary sequences: the Sixty‐Six Hill and Forty‐Four Hill Members of the Lizard Hills Formation. The former member is preserved within the core of the Cleaverville Syncline and the latter formed along the northeast‐trending Eighty‐Seven Fault. Based on the metamorphic grade and structures, two deformation events are recognized: D₁ resulted in folding caused by a collisional event, and D₂ resulted in regional sinistral strike‐slip deformation. A previous study reported that the Cleaverville Formation was deposited at 3020 Ma, after the Prinsep Orogeny (3070–3050 Ma). Our SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages show that: (i) graded volcaniclastic–felsic tuff within the black shale sequence below the banded iron formation in the Cleaverville Formation yields an age of (3 114 ±14) Ma; (ii) the youngest zircons in sandstones of the Sixty‐Six Hill Member, which unconformably overlies pillow basalt of the Regal Formation, yield ages of 3090–3060 Ma; and (iii) zircons in sandstones of the Forty‐Four Hill Member show two age peaks at 3270 Ma and 3020 Ma. In this way, the Cleaverville Formation was deposited at 3114–3060 Ma and was deformed at 3070–3050 Ma (D₁). Depositional age of the Cleaverville Formation is at least 40–90 Myr older than that proposed in previous studies and pre‐dates the Prinsep Orogeny (3070–3050 Ma). After 3020 Ma, D₂ resulted in the formation of a regional strike‐slip pull‐apart basin in the Cleaverville area. The lower‐greenschist‐facies volcano‐sedimentary rocks are distributed only within this basin structure. This strike‐slip deformation was synchronous with crustal‐scale sinistral shear deformation (3000–2930 Ma) in the Pilbara region.     

Provenance,tectonic setting and source of Archean metasedimentary rocks of the Browns Range Metamorphics,Tanami Region,Western Australia

This study combines U–Pb age and Lu–Hf isotope data for magmatic and detrital zircons, with whole-rock geochemistry of the Browns Range Metamorphics (BRM), Western Australia. The BRM are medium- to coarse-grained metasandstones that consist of angular to sub-rounded detrital quartz and feldspars with minor granitic lithic fragments. The sequence has undergone partial to extensive quartz–muscovite alteration and rare-earth-element mineralisation and has been intruded by mafic/ultramafic, syenitic and pegmatitic intrusive rock units. Uranium–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic data on detrital zircons from the metasandstones and intruding granitic rocks yield a well-defined age of ca 3.2 to ca 3.0 Ga for all samples, with relatively radiogenic ?_Hf values (?_Hf = –1.7 to 5.1) indicating derivation from Mesoarchean granite basement of juvenile origin. This is consistent with geochemical and petrological data that support deposition from a granitic source in a continental rift basin setting. The timing of sediment deposition is constrained between the ca 3.0 Ga age of the source rocks and ca 2.5 Ga age of the granitic intrusive bodies that cross-cut the metasedimentary rocks. The ca 2.5 Ga zircons from the intrusive rocks have ?_Hf model ages of ca 3.4 to ca 3.1 Ga, which is consistent with formation via partial melting of the BRM, or the Mesoarchean granite basement. Zircons of the Gardiner Sandstone that unconformably overlies the BRM return detrital ages of ca 2.6 to ca 1.8 Ga with no trace of ca 3.1 Ga zircons, which discounts a significant contribution from the underlying BRM. The Mesoarchean age and isotopic signatures of the BRM zircons are shared by some zircon records from the Pine Creek Orogen, and the Pilbara, Yilgarn and Gawler cratons. Collectively, these records indicate that juvenile Mesoarchean crust is a more significant component of Australian cratons than is currently recognised. This work also further demonstrates that detrital minerals in Paleoproterozoic/Archean sedimentary rocks are archives to study the early crustal record of Earth.     

Petrogenesis and zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of newly discovered Mesoarchean gneisses on the northern margin of the North China Craton

Geological mapping and zircon U–Pb laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) dating has identified a Mesoarchean (2857 ± 17 Ma) geological unit in the Luanjiajie area of the northern margin of the North China Craton, within the northern part of Liaoning Province, China. This unit is dominated by tonalitic and trondhjemite gneisses that form part of a typical tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) rock assemblage. These Mesoarchean gneisses are enriched in Na and depleted in K, yield K₂O/Na₂O ratios of 0.34–0.50, have Rittmann index (σ) values of 1.54–3.04, and are calc-alkaline. They have Eu_N/Eu_N* values of 0.77–1.20 (average of 1.03), indicating that these samples have negligible Eu anomalies, and yield high La_N/Yb_N values (4.92–23.12). These characteristics indicate that these Mesoarchean gneisses have fractionated rare earth element (REE) compositions that are enriched in the light REE (LREE) and depleted in the heavy REE (HREE), with steeply dipping chondrite-normalized REE patterns. These gneisses are also enriched in Rb, Th, K, Zr, and Hf, and are relatively depleted in Ta, Nb, P, and Ti. In summary, the magma that formed these tonalitic and trondhjemite gneisses was most likely derived from the partial melting of lower-crustal basaltic rocks during subduction. The timing of formation (2.85 Ga) of the Luanjiajie tonalite and trondhjemite gneisses probably represents the timing of initiation of plate tectonics within the LongGang Block during a SE-directed subduction event. The presence of inherited zircons with ages of >3.0 Ga within the Luanjiajie gneisses suggests that this area may contain as yet undiscovered rocks that formed before 3.0 Ga.     

新疆西昆仑中太古界古陆核的确定及地质意义

原赫罗斯坦岩群为一套无序变质核杂岩,岩性为混合岩化花岗质片麻岩、紫苏辉石麻粒岩等。岩石组合及地球化学特征都具TTG岩石特征。采用LA-ICP-MS方法测定锆石U-Pb年龄值3137.3±4.1Ma,反映其时代为中太古代,代表赫罗斯坦杂岩原岩生成年龄。由此说明,塔里木南缘铁克里克地区存在太古宙大陆核,为新疆境内所发现的最古老岩系之一。     

扬子板块西南缘基性侵入岩锆石年龄及地球化学特征——Columbia超级大陆裂解的响应

云南易门狮子山铜矿区广泛出露辉绿、辉长岩体。前人对区内基性岩浆岩研究程度较低,缺乏辉绿岩的形成时代资料。本文采用锆石激光剥蚀法(LA-ICP-MS)对云南易门狮子山铜矿一带的辉绿岩进行了年代测定及地球化学分析,首次获得锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为1858±18 Ma(MSWD=0.90,n=13),代表了该辉绿岩的形成和侵位时代。辉绿岩全岩地球化学具有类似于OIB的特征,SiO_2含量(49.1%～49.8%),高Ti_2O(2.68%～3.22%);低MgO(4.85%～5.51%),碱含量(4.86%～5.29%),其原始岩浆来源于富集型地幔,构造背景形成于伸展构造环境,表明约1858 Ma扬子板块处于碰撞后板内伸展构造环境,应为Columbia超大陆裂解的产物。易门狮子山地区被辉绿岩侵入接触的原"东川群"地层的沉积时代应大于辉绿岩的侵位时代,结合岩性组合及区域资料,应划入中太古界元江群。     

孔兹岩系事件与太古宙地壳构造演化

孔兹岩系是太古宙高级变质岩区中较为常见的变质沉积岩石地层单位 ,它以富铝(含墨 )的矽线榴云片麻岩为特征 ,伴有石英岩、钙硅酸盐岩及富镁大理岩等组合而成的一套岩石地层。内蒙古大青山地区近年来研究工作的重要进展之一 ,是对发育在该区的孔兹岩系进行了系统构造地层学研究 ,提出了由下至上三个岩层单位组成的地层序列 :即榴云片麻岩岩组、含黑榴云片麻岩岩组及大理岩岩组或透辉片麻岩岩组 ,下与兴和岩群的麻粒岩系 ,上与浅变质的古元古代美岱召岩群呈不整合接触。根据侵入孔兹岩系中的单斜辉石斜长角闪岩的Sm Nd同位素年龄 2 80 0Ma(杨振升等 ,另文发表 ) ,确定孔兹岩系时代应属中太古代 ,按区域太古宙地层构造格架 ,在大青山—乌拉山及色尔腾山地区孔兹岩系应位于新太古代色尔腾山群之下。大青山地区所建立的孔兹岩地层层序及其在太古宙地层系统中的位置 ,无疑对相邻地区高级变质区的岩石地层研究有重要借鉴意义。联系到全球太古宙高级变质区中相当于孔兹岩系的组成分布的广泛性与其惊人的相似性 ,作者建议使用孔兹岩系事件一词来表达 350 0～ 2 80 0Ma时期地壳上曾经存在超洲际规模的克拉通大陆 ,这规模巨大的克拉通的富铝 (含黑 )碎屑岩—石英岩—碳酸盐岩 (钙硅酸盐 )的沉积事件 ,即孔兹岩系事