Utilisation and Management Changes in South Kyrgyzstan＇s Mountain Forests

Using political ecology as its conceptual framework, this paper focuses on the changes in forest utilisation and management of South Kyrgyzstan＇s walnut-fruit forests over the last century The aim of this study on human-environment interactions is to investigate the relationship between actors on the one side, their interests and demands, and the forests and forested lands on the other. Forest resource utilisation and management - and even the recognition of different forest products as resources - are connected with political and socioeconomic conditions that change with time. The walnut-fruit forests of South Kyrgyzstan are unique, characterised by high biodiversity and a multiplicity of usable products; and they have been utilised for a long time. Centralised and formal management of the forests started with the Russian occupation and was strengthened under Soviet rule, when the region became a part of the USSR. During this era, a state forest administration that was structured from Moscow all the way down to the local level drew up detailed plans and developed procedures for utilising the different forest products. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the socio-political and economic frame conditions have changed significantly, which has brought not only the sweeping changes in the managing institutions, but also the access rights and interests in the forest resources. At present, the region is suffering from a high unemployment rate, which has resulted in the forests＇ gaining considerable importance in the livelihood strategies of the local population. Political and economic liberalization, increased communication and transregional exchange relations have opened the door for international companies and agents interested in the valuable forest products. Today, walnut wood and burls, walnuts, wild apples and mushrooms are all exported to various countries in the world. Scientists and members of various international organisations stress the ecological value of the forests and are trying to establish nature conservation areas. Nevertheless, it is to fear that a multiplicity of interrelated factors - the present transformation and globalization processes, the appearance of new actors, the local population＇s insecure economic situation and the erosion of managing institutions - are all leading to an intensified and unregulated exploitation of the forests, resulting in their degradation.     

中国—吉尔吉斯斯坦天山构造格架与演化

中国—吉尔吉斯斯坦天山地处中亚天山造山带中段,地质构造复杂,矿产资源丰富。在前人资料基础上,基于区域构造-岩石组合的分布发育及时空属性特征,统一将研究区划分为哈萨克斯坦和塔里木两大板块,二者由南天山晚古生代缝合带所焊接。其中,进一步划分为5个二级单元,18个三级单元。研究认为,研究区内北、中、南天山构造格架连续,在800 Ma(相当于南华纪下限)前后都完成了大陆块体的拼合,成为全球新元古代罗迪尼亚超大陆的组成部分。此后经历了大致相同的构造演化史,从中二叠世开始全区转化成陆内盆山构造格局,新生代印度大陆同欧亚大陆碰撞使这一陆内盆山构造格局不断臻于完善。     

Seismogenic destruction of the Kamenka medieval fortress, northern Issyk-Kul region, Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan)

A paleoseismological study of the medieval Kamenka fortress in the northern part of the Issyk-Kul Lake depression, northern Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan, revealed an oblique slip thrust fault scarp offsetting the fortification walls. This 700 m long scarp is not related to the 1911 Kebin Earthquake (Ms 8.2) fault scarps which are widespread in the region. As analysis of stratigraphy in a paleoseismic trench and archaeological evidence reveal, it can be assigned to a major twelfth century a.d. earthquake which produced up to 4 m of oblique slip thrusting antithetic to that of the nearby dominant faults. The inferred surface rupturing earthquake apparently caused the fortress destruction and was likely the primary reason for its abandonment, not the Mongolian–Tatar invasions as previously thought.     

吉尔吉斯斯坦布丘克造山型金矿床：来自流体包裹体、H- O- S同位素证据

吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山构造带的矿床学数据缺乏,制约了天山造山带境内外成矿对比。布丘克金矿床位于吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山构造带中部。金矿体为石英复脉,呈带状发育于NWW向韧性剪切带中。矿体倾向SSW,倾角60°～70°,赋矿围岩主要为侵入于早古生代变质碎屑杂岩中的正长斑岩。布丘克金矿床成矿期石英流体包裹体观察、石英H-O同位素、硫化物S同位素测试结果显示,布丘克金矿床石英脉中包裹体大小集中在2～10μm之间,类型以H₂O-CO₂型、富CO₂型、水溶液型包裹体为主,成分以富CO₂、含CH₄为特征。成矿流体具有中温(200～320℃)、低盐度(3%～7%NaCl_eqv)特征;石英δD_V-SMOW值介于-108.1‰～-90.2‰之间,δ¹⁸O_流体值介于4.86‰～9.26‰之间;黄铁矿δ³⁴S分布在0‰左右(-0.9‰～1.6‰)。综合本文数据、矿床地质特征、区域地质资料,本文认为布丘...     

Potential of Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS for Landslide Hazard Assessment in Southern Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia)

Big landslides are one of the main natural hazards in Kyrgyzstan, which are concentrated in the foothills of the high mountain ranges along the Eastern rim of the Fergana Basin. Because of the high number of landslides and their occurrence over large areas there is a strong need for effective and objective landslide hazard assessment at a regional scale. In Kyrgyzstan satellite remote sensing data represent the only source of multitemporal information about surface conditions covering large areas. Against this background the goal is the development of a satellite remote sensing and GIS-based system for quantitatively oriented and spatially differentiated hazard assessment. During the presented pilot investigations in the area of the Upper Maili Suu river basin a methodological framework has been developed incorporating remote sensing and GIS techniques for various levels of information extraction. So far, methodological investigations have been focused on the potential of satellite remote sensing data from different optical (Landsat-(E)TM, ASTER, MOMS-2P) and radar (ERS-1/2) systems for the creation of an improved knowledge basis for hazard assessment. This includes landslide identification, generation of topographic information and characterization of the geological setting. The derived primary information have been analyzed in a GIS environment to gain an improved process understanding as a main prerequisite for successful hazard assessment. The results show that currently available satellite remote sensing data are suitable for landslide investigation in Kyrgyzstan. Full exploitation of their information potential requires combined analysis with other thematic information based on methods of interactive and automated information extraction.     

Late Pleistocene outburst floods from Issyk Kul,Kyrgyzstan?

Elevated shorelines and lake sediments surrounding Issyk Kul, the world's second largest mountain lake, record fluctuating lake levels during Quaternary times. Together with bathymetric and geochemical data, these markers document alternating phases of lake closure and external drainage. The uppermost level of lake sediments requires a former damming of the lake's western outlet through the Boam gorge. We test previous hypothesised ice or landslide dam failures by exploring possible links between late Quaternary lake levels and outbursts. We review and recompile the chronology of reported changes in lake site, and offer new ages of abandoned shorelines using ¹⁴C in bivalve and gastropod shells, and plant detritus, as well as sand lenses in delta and river sediments using Infrared Stimulated Luminescence. Our dates are consistent with elevated lake levels between ~45 ka and 22 ka. Cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al exposure ages of fan terraces containing erratic boulders (>3 m) downstream of the gorge constrain the timing of floods to 20.5–18.5 ka, postdating a highstand of Issyk Kul. A flow‐competence analysis gives a peak discharge of >10⁴ m³ s^–1 for entraining and transporting these boulders. Palaeoflood modelling, however, shows that naturally dammed lakes unconnected to Issyk Kul could have produced such high discharges upon sudden emptying. Hence, although our data are consistent with hypotheses of catastrophic outburst floods, average lake‐level changes of up to 90 mm yr^–1 in the past 150 years were highly variable without any outbursts, so that linking lake‐level drops to catastrophic dam breaks remains ambiguous using sedimentary archives alone. This constraint may readily apply to other Quaternary lakes of that size elsewhere. Nonetheless, our reconstructed Pleistocene floods are among the largest reported worldwide, and motivate further research into the palaeoflood hydrology of Central Asia. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

吉尔吉斯斯坦西南部两栖爬行动物物种多样性

为了进一步了解吉尔吉斯斯坦两栖爬行动物物种多样性特征,于2012年9月15日～26日,在对吉尔吉斯斯坦西南部不同生境两栖爬行动物物种多样性进行野外实地调查和已有文献整理的基础上,初步整理出了分布在吉尔吉斯斯坦西南部的两栖爬行动物种类,并其物种多样性进行比较分析。本次考察共采集和记录实体标本621号,经鉴定共26种（亚种）,分隶4目10科18属,其中两栖纲1目2科2属2种,爬行纲3目8科16属22种。其中新疆蟾蜍（Bufo pewzowi）、亚洲林蛙（Rana asiatica）、赛氏沙蜥（Phrynocephalus saidalievi）三个种为优势种类,占总个体数的55.23%;快步麻蜥（Eremias velox）、喜山岩蜥（Laudakia himalayana）、草原蜥（Trapelus agilis）、荒漠无脸蜥（Ablepharus deserti）、施氏石龙子（Eumeces schneideri）、叶城麻蜥（Eremias yarkandensis）、棋斑游蛇（Natrix tessellata）、白条锦蛇（Elaphe dione）、中亚眼镜蛇（Naja oxiana）、四爪陆龟指名亚种（Testudo horsfieldii horsfieldii）11种类为常见种,占总个体数的36.88%;新疆岩蜥（Laudakia stoliczkana）、敏麻蜥（Eremias arguta）、捷蜥蜴（Lacerta agilis）、红沙蠎（Eryx miliaris）、东方沙蠎（Eryx tataricus）、草原蝰（Vipera renardi）等12各种为稀有种类,占总个体数的7.89%。在不同生境间均存在物种多样性指标差异显著（p<0.05）,物种多样性在草原最高（2.029 8）,其次为山地森林（1.920 4）,而荒漠最低（0.233 8）;丰富度均在山地森林最高（3.242 51）,其次为草原（2.540 0）,而在荒漠最低（0.288 5）;由于吉尔吉斯斯坦西南部的气候属于典型的大陆性气候,两栖爬行动物物种的组成主要以适应干旱环境的耐旱种类为主,区系组成较为简单,地方种类数量较少,在物种组成及起源等方面与我国西北地区的两栖爬行动物区系有着一定的联系。     

吉尔吉斯斯坦塔尔迪布拉克斑岩型金铜矿床地球化学特征及其意义

塔尔迪布拉克斑岩型金铜矿床位于吉尔吉斯西北部的Kipchak奥陶纪岛弧带,是吉尔吉斯斯坦重要的斑岩型金铜矿床之一。本文在前人研究基础上,对该矿床的地质、地球化学特征进行系统研究。研究结果显示,该矿床斑岩体具有高的SiO_2、Al_2O_3、碱质含量,低的Na_2O、CaO、P_2O_5、Th、Y含量和低Al_2O_3/TiO_2比值,属于典型的钙碱性强过铝质S型花岗岩,是高温条件下发生深熔作用的产物。该矿床轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,相对富集LREE和LILE元素,亏损HFSE元素,其源岩可能为杂砂岩,主要来源于地壳物质。此外,稀土、微量元素特征及其区域构造演化特征均显示,该矿床可能是捷尔斯克伊洋演化末期成熟岛弧环境下岩浆-热液活动的产物。     

吉尔吉斯斯坦中天山地质特征及研究进展

文章通过对近年来有关吉尔吉斯中天山研究进展的梳理,结合在吉尔吉斯斯坦的实地考察,系统论述了中天山基础地质情况,并简述与岩浆活动有关的成矿作用。吉尔吉斯斯坦境内的天山由"尼古拉耶夫线"和阿特巴什—伊内尔切克断裂划分为北、中、南3部分。中天山两侧的缝合带限定了早古生代古吉尔吉斯洋和晚古生代南天山洋的发展和消亡过程。组成中天山的不同块体大多具有古元古界的基底,古生代总体处于大陆坡-边缘海沉积环境。晚古生代产出与俯冲相关的岩浆作用和后碰撞岩浆作用,前者与斑岩型铜矿、接触交代型铜-金矿相关,后者与造山型金矿相关。     

中国—吉尔吉斯天山成矿单元划分及其特征

中国—吉尔吉斯天山地处中亚天山造山带中段,是古亚洲构造域的重要组成部分,地质构造复杂,矿产资源丰富。在收集境内、外大量地质、矿产资料及图件的基础上,通过近年来对研究区内地层、构造、岩浆及矿产的研究,在大地构造单元划分基础上对研究区内天山进行了成矿单元划分,划分出北天山—伊犁、中天山和南天山—塔里木3个成矿省,进一步划分为22个成矿带和58个成矿亚带,总结了各成矿单元的地质及矿产特征,为天山成矿带矿产勘查和地质大调查工作部署提供有益的思路和依据。