贵州织金新华含稀土磷矿床稀土元素地球化学及生物成矿基本特征

对贵州织金新华含稀土磷矿床进行的稀土元素及微量元素分析结果表明，磷块岩中普遍富集稀土元素，稀土总量∑REE较高，并富集Y元素及La，Nd等轻稀土元素。LREE／HREE比值较高。含稀土磷块岩普遍具Ce负异常，显示其对源区的继承性。指示成磷环境处于氧化程度相对较高状态。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式曲线、北美页岩标准化模式曲线、Ce元素异常、LREE／HREE比值、微量元素特征及岩石矿物特征表明，织金新华含稀土磷矿床具以正常海相生物-化学沉积等为主伴有海相热水沉积混合成因的特征。在磷矿成矿过程中沉积物沉积时，活体生物及死亡残骸不同程度地摄取和富集了La，Nd，Ce等稀土元素、Y元素及其他微量元素，沉积在含磷层位，构成大量的含稀土、含生物碎屑白云质磷块岩。     

华南铝土矿矿床矿物组合特征及指示意义

在全面收集整理前人研究资料的基础上,系统开展华南不同成铝区带的铝土矿矿床床矿物组合对比工作,认为铝土矿矿床含铝岩系的演化序列与矿物组合存在一定耦合关系,不同成因类型的铝土矿矿床(沉积型、堆积型及红土型)和华南不同成铝带(黔中、渝南—黔北、滇中、滇东南—桂西、桂中)中的矿物组合存在明显差异性。沉积型矿物组合复杂,堆积型和红土型矿物组合单一。一水硬铝石是沉积型和堆积型主要铝矿物,时间上分布于石炭纪—第四纪,空间上除桂中成铝带外,黔中、渝南—黔北、滇中、滇东南—桂西成铝带均有分布;三水铝石是红土型主要铝矿物,时空上分布于第四纪桂中成铝带。高岭石时空分布广泛,是含铝岩系中主要的黏土矿物,各成矿时代和成铝带均有分布;赤铁矿分布零散,不稳定,仅在修文—清镇一带稳定存在含铝岩系底部。伊利石、绿泥石、黄铁矿和菱铁矿时空上有明显的差异性。矿物组合差异性与环境变化有密切关系。高岭石和赤铁矿指示陆相沉积环境,伊利石、绿泥石、黄铁矿和菱铁矿指示海陆过渡相沉积环境。因此,笔者等重点用华南不同成铝带和不同时代内含铝岩系中矿物组合差异约束沉积环境和铝土矿矿床成因亚类,对铝土矿矿床沉积环境的深入研究和铝土矿矿床成因亚...     

若尔盖黄河唐克段河岸沉积序列测年及地表过程变化

通过对若尔盖盆地进行野外考察,在盆地中部黄河唐克段右岸发现了包含深湖相的河岸沉积物,进行了细致的地层观测和系统年代学样品采集。在实验室利用光释光和AMS¹⁴C测年技术建立了年代框架,并结合各个层次的地层沉积相宏观特征和理化性质,分析探讨了若尔盖盆地内部从末次冰期古湖消亡以来的环境和地表过程变化规律。研究结果表明：古黄河在37 ka沿着玛曲断陷谷地溯源侵蚀,沟通了若尔盖古湖水系,盆地内部在30.9 ka之前为深湖环境,稳定地沉积了蓝灰色湖相淤泥层。30.9 ka之后,黄河贯穿若尔盖湖盆内部,古湖水外泄消失,原有的古湖水系转变成为黄河源水系。黄河从湖盆上游远距离搬运携带来的浊黄橙色泥沙大量沉积,覆盖了古湖相沉积层,湖盆内部风沙作用盛行。在末次冰盛期（Last Glacial Maximum, LGM）,盆地内部松散沉积物普遍地受到冰缘冻融作用的改造,形成了冻融褶皱现象。到了14.6~12.5 ka,响应B/A（B?lling-Aller?d）时期的温暖气候,盆地周边山地冰川消融,冰融水汇入盆地,古湖盆底部各种浅洼地形成了大小不等的浅湖,沉积了滨浅湖相的沙层。在12.5~11.7 ka,对应于全球性新仙女木（Younger Dryas,YD）事件,盆地气候再次变冷,转变为冰缘冻土环境,盆地内部滨浅湖相的沙层受到冻融作用和古地震扰动,形成复式褶皱现象。进入全新世,在11.7~4.8 ka气候逐渐变得温暖湿润,古湖盆底部浅洼地积水成为淤泥质沼泽环境,在全新世中后期4.8~1.8 ka则转变成为沼泽草甸环境,在1.8 ka之后,盆地内沼泽面积收缩,风沙活动盛行,河岸台地的近源沙尘暴沉积物经过成壤改造形成亚高山草甸黑土类现代土壤。     

Geochemical diagenetic trends during phosphorite formation – economic implications: The case of the Negev Campanian phosphorites,Southern Israel

Research on the Upper Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Negev phosphorites (Mishash Formation), based on microprobe analyses, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, wet chemistry, microtextural (Scanning Electron Microscopy) studies and mineralogical analyses, together with quantified rates of sedimentation and P accumulation, enables the chemistry of these rocks to be better constrained across the Negev area and allows their suitability for the manufacture of P fertilizers to be better determined. Two phosphorite facies are differentiated: (i) a pristine phosphorite facies of low P content, more typical of basinal sections and (ii) a reworked, granular phosphorite facies commonly enriched in P, found predominantly near palaeo‐highs and forming most of the economic phosphates. The distribution of F/P₂O₅, CO₂/F, U(IV), Cd, Zn and other trace metals (Mo, Ni, Cr, Cu, V and Y), rare‐earth elements concentration, Ce and Eu anomalies and heavy rare earth elements enrichment, are controlled by these two facies. F/P₂O₅ in carbonate‐fluorapatite is much lower (0·090 to 0·107) in the pristine than in the reworked facies (0·107 to 0·120); in addition, the lower F/P₂O₅ in the pristine facies is coupled with: (i) higher Cd, Zn, Mo, Ni, Cr, Cu and V concentrations; (ii) a considerably reduced (< 10%) U(IV) fraction of total U; (iii) lower rare earth elements/P₂O₅ and Y/P₂O₅ ratios; (iv) less negative Ce and Eu anomalies and lower heavy rare earth elements (Lu/La) enrichment; (v) an increase in Fe‐rich smectites in the clay fraction; and (vi) presence of OH in the carbonate‐fluorapatite structure. Sedimentary reworking of previously formed pristine phosphate, together with its redeposition near structural highs in more oxic bottom conditions, results in considerable diagenetic changes in the chemistry of the phosphorites, making them more suitable for economic exploitation. The results presented here provide geochemical criteria for identifying pristine phosphate in other phosphorite sequences and may help to better locate phosphate strata chemically suitable for the phosphate industry elsewhere.     

四川盆地元坝地区上三叠统须家河组的潮控河口湾与潮控三角洲沉积

通过盆地边缘地表剖面,以及元坝区岩芯的研究,发现须家河组并非长期以来人们普遍认定的陆相沉积,而是海岸系统产物。须二段属潮控河口湾环境,包括冲积河道、潮汐—河流水道、UFR沙坪、潮汐沙坝、泥坪和盐沼等相。须四段属潮控三角洲环境,包括三角洲平原河道、分流河口潮汐沙坝、三角洲前缘与前三角洲、泥坪与盐沼等相。这两种环境（沉积）,都是海侵的产物,都是地史上的暂时现象。当其被充满时（海退）,就变为潮坪—海岸平原环境,分别对应于须三段、须五段的细粒含煤序列。基于储层质量与原始沉积环境密切相关,划分了5类储层相。根据我们研究安岳地区须家河组的成功经验,提出了勘探建议。     

铀有机地球化学研究进展

与铀矿有密切关系的有机质主要是腐殖酸（HAs)、富里酸（FAs)、微生物及细菌。腐殖酸与铀酰存在着强烈的吸附、络合及还原作用关系。微生物和细菌在铀矿形成过程中也起到一定的作用。在研究手段上包括试验、计算、热解分析、X－线分析、裂变径迹分析、电子探针、红外光谱、紫外光谱、荧光光谱、顺磁共振、色谱质谱联用等方法。     

Phosphorites,glass ramps and carbonate factories: The evolution of an epicontinental sea and a late Palaeozoic upwelling system (Phosphoria Rock Complex)

The Permian Phosphoria Rock Complex of the western USA contains an enigmatic assemblage of bioelemental rocks (i.e. phosphorites and cherts) that accumulated in a depositional system with no modern analogue. This study utilizes detailed sedimentological, stratigraphic and petrographic examination to evaluate the genetic relations of phosphorites, spiculitic chert and carbonates of the Ervay cycle (depositional sequence) and propose a unified oceanographic model for their deposition. The Ervay cycle contains three marine and one terrestrial facies association, each of which composes the bulk of a single lithostratigraphic unit. The marine facies associations include: (i) granular phosphorites (Retort Member); (ii) spiculitic cherty dolostones (Tosi Member); and (iii) marine to peritidal carbonates (Ervay Member). Red beds and intercalated gypsum (Goose Egg Formation) accumulated in the vast desert adjacent to the sea. The three marine members are chronostratigraphically distinct, successive and conformably stacked. They are not coeval facies belts. They reflect the progressive evolution of the epicontinental sea from the location of: (i) authigenic phosphogenesis (lowstand to transgression); to (ii) a glass ramp with biosiliceous (sponge) deposition (transgression); to (iii) a carbonate ramp (regression). This succession of switching biochemical sediment factories records the evolution of sea-level, nutrient supply, upwelling, oxygenation and dissolved Si. Intense upwelling, potentially coupled with aeolian input, led to sedimentary condensation and phosphogenesis. Decreased upwelling intensity during transgression increased oxygenation sufficiently for a siliceous sponge benthos. Sponges were favoured over biocalcifiers due to elevated dissolved silica and a low carbonate saturation state. The cessation of sponge dominance and transition to a carbonate ramp occurred due to decreasing upwelling intensity, Si drawdown and an increased carbonate saturation state. These results provide insight into the role of Si loading in faunal turnover on glass ramps and highlight how differences in dissolved Si utilizers in pre-Cretaceous versus post-Cretaceous upwelling systems influence the resultant deposits.     

A comparative study of Pleistocene phosphorites from the continental slope off western India

Two types of phosphorite recovered from the continental slope off western India are described. The first type, phosphorite 1, comprises a hard, grey nodule composed of carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) and calcite as major minerals. The phosphorite consists of light‐brown microcrystalline apatite containing a few skeletal fragments and planktonic foraminifera. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies show evidence of dissolution of skeletal calcite and filling of the resulting cavities by phosphate composed of ovoid to rod‐shaped apatite microparticles. Apatite also occurs as coatings on these particles. The P₂O₅ content of the phosphorite is 29%, and the CO₂ content of the CFA is about 4·5%. The rare‐earth element (REE) abundance (ΣREE=2·02 μg g^–1) is lower than in other modern phosphorites. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio and ?Nd value of this sample are 0·70921 and –9·9 respectively. The ¹⁴C age found through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating (18 720 ± 120 years BP) is much younger than that determined by the U‐series method (100 ka). The second type, phosphorite 2, comprises a friable, light‐brown nodule consisting of CFA as the only major mineral, with a CO₂ content of the CFA of 4·5%. In thin section, the phosphate is light brown and homogeneous, and a few bone fragments are present. The P₂O₅ content is 33%, and REE contents (ΣREE = 0·18 μg g^–1) are lower than in phosphorite 1. The age of phosphorite 2 is >300 ka. Phosphorite 1 appears to have formed during the late Pleistocene through replacement of carbonate by phosphate; phosphorite 2 is also of Pleistocene age but is much older than phosphorite 1. The initial substrate for phosphorite 2 was a fish coprolite, which was subsequently phosphatized during slow sedimentation under low‐energy conditions. Microbial mediation is evident in both phosphorites. The colour, density and P₂O₅ content of the phosphorites are found to be dependent on the nature of the initial substrates and physico‐chemical conditions during phosphatization. The CO₂ content of the CFA is not related to the precursor carbonate phase. The nature of sediments, rates of sedimentation and the time spent undergoing phosphogenesis at the sediment–water interface may control REE concentrations in phosphorites.     

湖北省放马山磷矿物质组分及元素地球化学特征

湖北省放马山磷矿层位为震旦系陡山沱阶。在对其第一磷矿层(Ph1)和第三磷矿层(Ph3)物质组成、结构、构造等研究的基础上,对比Ph1和Ph3的化学分析数据,Ph1的I、Sr、Ba和Cd含量相对富集,表明其形成与有机质和微生物作用关系比Ph3更大。采用Co/Ni、Th/U来做相近元素的比值分析,Co/Ni值小于1、Th/U值大于1,在logw(U)-logw(Th)关系图中,Ph1和Ph3磷块岩样品点几乎都落在热水沉积区,表现出热水沉积成因的地球化学特征。稀土元素的北美页岩标准化配分模式图呈宽阔的帽状图形,并显示明显的Ce负异常,反映在正常的海相沉积过程中有海相热水流的加入。     

中国磷矿床成因分类

中国磷矿床按成矿物质来源,划分为内源、外源及次生三大类。按基本的成矿作用,将原生矿床分为岩浆、沉积、变质类型。岩浆矿床中,划分为超基性-碱性岩、超基性-碳酸岩、碱性岩、碳酸岩、超基性岩、伟晶岩等7个亚类,据总体的矿床特征划分为6个式(矿床式多以典型矿床命名)。变质矿床中划分绿岩带型变质混合岩和沉积变质3个亚类,6个式。海相沉积磷块岩矿床依据产出时代划分出震旦纪、寒武纪、泥盆纪3个亚类,14个式。次生矿床分为风化淋滤残积、洞穴堆积及鸟粪堆积3个亚类,3个式。