Nano-scale pore structure and fractal dimension of organic-rich Wufeng-Longmaxi shale from Jiaoshiba area,Sichuan Basin: Investigations using FE-SEM,gas adsorption and helium pycnometry

Much attention have been recently paid to the upper Ordovician Wufeng shale (O₃w) and lower Silurian Longmaxi shale (S₁l) in the Jiaoshiba area of Sichuan Basin, which is now the largest producing shale gas field in China. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), low pressure gas (N₂ and CO₂) adsorption, helium pycnometry, X-ray diffraction and geochemical analyses were performed to investigate the pore structure and fractal dimension of the pores in O₃w-S₁l shale formation in the Jiaoshiba area. FE-SEM images show that organic matter (OM) pores are dominant in the organic-rich samples and these pores are often irregular, bubble-like, elliptical and faveolate in shape, while in organic-poor samples, limited and isolated interparticle (interP), intraparticle (intraP) and OM pores are observed. Reversed S-shaped isotherms obtained from nitrogen adsorption are type Ⅱ, and hysteresis loops indicate that the shape of micropore in the samples is slit-or plate-like. BET surface areas and total pore volume vary from 12.2 to 27.1 m²/g and from 1.8 × 10⁻² to 2.9 × 10⁻² cm³/g, with an average of 19.5 m²/g and 2.3 × 10⁻² cm³/g, respectively. Adsorption volume from both N₂ and CO₂ adsorption increases with respect to TOC contents. Porosities obtained from helium porosimetry are comparable with these from gas (CO₂ and N₂) adsorption in O₃w-S₁l shale. However, porosity determined by quantitative FE-SEM analysis is much smaller, which is mainly related to limited resolution and the small areas of investigation.Based on the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) model of low-pressure N₂ adsorption, fractal dimensions of the pores varied from 2.737 to 2.823. Relationships between pore structure parameters and TOC content, mineral composition and fractal dimension reveal that the fractal dimension is mainly associated with micropores. Samples with higher TOC content, higher quartz content and lower clay content tend to contain more heterogeneous micropores, resulting in higher fractal dimensions and more complicated pore structure in shales. Therefore, fractal dimension is an effective parameter to reflect the complexity of pore structure and the degree of micropore development in O₃w-S₁l shale.     

中国南方古生界碳酸盐岩发育对页岩气成藏和开发控制问题

中国南方古生界有利暗色页岩发育,但现页岩气勘探取得突破较少,主要原因是南方地质条件复杂,尤其是南方暗色页岩与碳酸盐岩间互发育,页岩气勘探开发面临复杂的碳酸盐岩地质问题。文章从国外勘探经验及近年来南方地区页岩气勘探实践中总结并详细分析了碳酸盐岩发育对页岩气成藏和开发控制的5大问题:（1）地表或近地表岩溶地质问题对开采的影响;（2）页岩目的层顶底板及其内部碳酸盐岩层对成藏和开采的影响;（3）页岩中碳酸盐类矿物含量对开采压裂的影响;（4）页岩层中天然裂缝被方解石充填对成藏的影响问题;（5）常规碳酸盐岩储层与非常规页岩共同成藏问题。建议在南方古生界开展页岩气勘探开发中,把碳酸盐岩本身储集成藏和碳酸盐岩对页岩气成藏、开采、钻井施工等的影响综合考虑,以总含油气系统的思路,综合选井,以促进南方古生界页岩气的勘探开发。      

A Quantitative Evaluation of Shale Gas Content in Different Occurrence States of the Longmaxi Formation: A New Insight from Well JY-A in the Fuling Shale Gas Field,Sichuan Basin

Comprehensive quantitative evaluation of shale gas content and the controlling factors in different occurrence states is of great significance for accurately assessing gas-bearing capacity and providing effective well-production strategies. A total of 122 core samples from well JY-A in the Fuling shale gas field were studied to reveal the characteristics of S_1 l shale,15 of which were selected to further predict the shale gas content in different occurrence states, which are dependent on geological factors in the thermal evolution process. Geological parameters were researched by a number of laboratory programs, and the factors influential in controlling shale gas content were extracted by both PCA and GRA methods and prediction models were confirmed by the BE method using SPSS software. Results reveal that the adsorbed gas content is mainly controlled by TOC, Ro, SSA, PD and pyrite content, and the free gas content is mainly controlled by S_2, quartz content, gas saturation and formation pressure for S_1 l in well JY-A. Three methods, including the on-site gas desorption method, the empirical formula method, and the multiple regression analysis method were used in combination to evaluate the shale gas capacity of well JY-A, all of which show that the overall shale gas content of well JY-A is in the range of 2.0–5.0 m~3/t and that the free gas ratio is about 50%, lower than that of well JY-1. Cause analysis further confirms the tectonics and preservation conditions of S_1 l in the geological processes, especially the influence of eastern boundary faults on well JY-A, as the fundamental reasons for the differences in shale gas enrichment in the Jiaoshiba area.     

川东南焦石坝页岩气区现今地温场特征

四川盆地是我国重要的含油气区,关于盆地现今地温场的工作,前人已经做过一些研究.而对于近年来页岩气勘探取得突破性进展的川东南焦石坝地区,现今地温场的研究工作甚少.本文基于川东南高陡褶皱带焦石坝页岩气区新增的3口钻井的稳态测温数据和118块岩石样品热导率数据,计算了研究区的地温梯度和大地热流值.结合前人的研究成果,编制了研究区大地热流等值线图.结果表明,焦石坝页岩气区地温梯度介于24~34℃/km,大地热流值介于60~70mW·m~(-2)之间,与川中古隆起相似,属于地温高异常区.地温高异常缘于隆起区相对高的岩石热导率引起的浅部热流的重新分配.其次,与位于研究区东侧边界的齐岳山大断裂在燕山和喜山期的构造引起的热液活动有关.焦石坝页岩气区地温高异常对页岩气的解吸附速率具有促进作用,对提高采收率具有一定意义.     

基于微米CT页岩微裂缝表征方法研究

页岩储层中的微裂缝是页岩气的储集空间,也是页岩气运移、散失的重要通道。通过微米CT扫描、场发射扫描电镜(FE- SEM)和岩芯观测等手段,明确了焦石坝地区JYA井龙马溪组页岩微裂缝结构特征,对比了微裂缝在不同条件下(地表或地层)的张开度及其对页岩渗透率的贡献,初步探讨了微裂缝对页岩纳米孔隙保存的影响。结果表明：① 基于微米CT可将页岩样品分为基质组分、高密度矿物(如黄铁矿)及裂缝三个部分,其体积比分别为97. 88%、0. 88%和1. 24%;② 微裂缝在空间上主要呈孤立状、细长条状或锯齿弯曲状,其长度分布范围为3. 4~299μm,以3. 4~20μm为主,平均为12. 44μm;③ 微裂缝在地层中的张开度约为2. 2~30. 33μm,平均为3. 97μm,相对于地表张开度(平均为6. 24μm)降低了36. 38%。尽管这部分微裂缝体积仅占页岩样品总体积的0. 7%,却提供了页岩储层中70%以上的渗透率。笔者认为JYA井龙马溪组页岩内部大量发育的网状结构微裂缝是页岩气沿着“孔隙—微裂缝—宏观裂缝”路径发生强烈“解吸—运移—逸散”作用的重要通道,进而导致孔隙因流体压力降低而压缩变形和闭合,不利于纳米孔隙的保存,这对于研究微裂缝在页岩储层中主要为储集空间或逸散通道具有重要的现实意义。     

断层流体锶、碳、氧同位素示踪评价断层垂向封闭性--以焦石坝背斜带为例

锶同位素不易分馏、年代可对比的特性决定其能够作为有效的断层流体示踪指标。氧同位素能反映温度、流体等因素,碳同位素能反映有机质的影响,是锶同位素的有力补充。利用流体示踪图可以判断断层不同部位开启的期次与可能联通范围。针对四川盆地焦石坝背斜带周缘的断层,利用脉体锶、碳、氧同位素开展断层垂向封闭性评价。评价结果表明:焦石坝地区志留系以下地层联通,存在一期深部壳源富锶流体,志留系下部的流体未通过断层向上运移。该地区后期至少经过两期构造运动,针对志留系龙马溪组页岩气,焦石坝背斜带周边不同断层的垂向封闭性具有明显差异。从平面上看,方斗山断裂带中部、大耳山断裂带南部、乌江断裂带南部断层垂向封闭性差;大耳山断裂带北部、乌江断裂带北部、天台场断裂带南部断层垂向封闭性中等;方斗山断裂带北部、南部、天台场断裂带北部垂向封闭性好。     

四川盆地东部龙马溪组页岩气成藏地质条件对比分析

为了揭示四川盆地东部页岩气成藏地质规律,指导页岩气勘探部署,选取四川盆地东部焦石坝地区、彭水地区及湖南保靖地区进行页岩气成藏地质条件对比分析。结果表明: 在龙马溪沉积时期,四川盆地东部形成了前陆盆地,沉积了富含有机质的碳质页岩,为页岩气生成提供了物质条件; 前陆盆地沉积中心位于重庆一带,其碳质页岩厚度从中心向周围减薄,碳质页岩中有机质丰度由中心向周边减小,有机质成熟度由中心向周边降低,地层压力由中心向周边减小,生烃时间从西向东逐渐缩短; 渝东焦石坝地区页岩气储集空间以孔隙为主,湖南保靖地区储集空间以裂缝为主; 从西向东,储层中孔隙空间缩小,裂缝发育程度加大; 构造运动对页岩气产生破坏作用,由东向西逐渐减弱。综合分析认为,四川盆地东部从渝东焦石坝地区向湖南保靖地区,页岩气成藏条件逐渐变差,勘探难度增加。     

焦页非常规页岩气井优快钻井技术

重庆涪陵焦石坝地区上部地层岩性致密、研磨性强、可钻性差,长兴组浅层气活跃且含硫,三开水平段长、摩阻大、泥质页岩层易垮塌。钻井面临的突出问题是机械钻速低、井控难度大、钻井周期长。针对上述气藏钻井难点,重点从钻井工艺、维持井壁稳定以及钻井液方面进行分析,优化钻具结构、优选钻头选型、抑制井壁失稳以加快焦石坝区块钻井速度。“油基螺杆＋高效PDC钻头”配合优质钻井液,经过焦页12平台4口井的实践应用,大大缩短了钻井周期,焦页12-4 HF井创下了中石化集团公司非常规页岩气水平井最长水平段记录,提速效果显著。     

Geological Features and Reservoiring Mode of Shale Gas Reservoirs in Longmaxi Formation of the Jiaoshiba Area

Abstract: This study is based on the sedimentation conditions, organic geochemistry, storage spaces, physical properties, lithology and gas content of the shale gas reservoirs in Longmaxi Formation of the Jiaoshiba area and the gas accumulation mode is summarized and then compared with that in northern America. The shale gas reservoirs in the Longmaxi Formation in Jiaoshiba have good geological conditions, great thickness of quality shales, high organic content, high gas content, good physical properties, suitable depth, good preservation conditions and good reservoir types. The quality shales at the bottom of the deep shelf are the main target interval for shale gas exploration and development. Shale gas in the Longmaxi Formation has undergone three main reservoiring stages: the early stage of hydrocarbon generation and compaction when shale gas reservoirs were first formed; the middle stage of deep burial and large-scale hydrocarbon generation, which caused the enrichment of reservoirs with shale gas; the late stage of uplift, erosion and fracture development when shale gas reservoirs were finally formed.     

四川盆地焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩气不同传输类型的临界孔径与传输能力

页岩气的扩散和渗流是页岩气富集过程中非常重要的地质作用,在地层条件下页岩气以扩散和渗流形式在微—纳米孔隙网络中进行传输。本文以四川盆地焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩气藏为研究对象,基于克努森数与气体吸附机理,明确了页岩气扩散和渗流的主要类型;进一步结合气体微观分子动力学模拟,明确了剖面上不同页岩气扩散和渗流类型的临界条件;基于达西公式与菲克公式基本物理定义,建立了扩散系数与渗透率的关系,结合焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩不同孔径下孔隙体积权重,查明了页岩全孔径视测渗透率的分布特征。研究表明,页岩气在地下主要存在三种扩散与两种渗流形式,包括吸附气表面扩散、克努森扩散、菲克扩散、滑脱渗流和达西渗流,现今焦石坝地区5种扩散和渗流类型临界孔径依次为1.2 nm、1.6 nm、25.0 nm、225.0 nm,不同扩散和渗流形式对应的孔隙体积占比依次为15.3%、5.6%、60.7%、6.4%、12.0%;宏孔主要提供了气体渗流空间、微孔与中孔主要提供了气体扩散空间,渗流传输能力约为扩散传输能力的10⁶倍。