Experiments on the effect of inflow and outflow sequences on suspended sediment exchange rates

In laboratory experiments, the influence of inflow and outflow sequences on the behavior of fine sedi-ment was investigated. The experimental set-up consisted of two interconnected rectangular basins, between which water was moved back and forth. Suspended sediment concentration in the main basin as well as the sediment exchange rates were derived from turbidity measurements.The suspended sediment ratio, SSR, and sediment exchange rates (influx sediment rate, ISR, and evacuated sediment rate, ESR) were measured. In twenty test runs, a parametric study on the magnitude and frequency of inflow and outflow cycles, the relative duration between inflow and outflow sequences, the initial sediment concentration, and the intake position was done. An initial test with stagnant water described the set-tling behavior of fine sediment and served as a reference scenario.The test results show that settling of fine particles near the intake/outlet structure can be considerably reduced by the nature of the inflow and outflow sequences. High cycle magnitude and frequency lead to maximum suspended sediment ratio in the system. For low discharges, the evolution of suspended sediment concentration cannot be directly correlated to the inflow and outflow cycles. However, compared to"no operation"conditions, the suspended sediment ratio could be increased by 10%to 40%locally. For high discharge, the evolution of suspended sediment concentration correlated with discharge cycles and suspended sediment ratios between 50%and 80%higher than for stagnant water could be achieved. Similar ratios could be obtained when the intake is located closer to the bottom or to the free water surface.Meanwhile, the overall sediment balance remained in equilibrium over the test period, indicating that the influx and evacuated sediment rates are not significantly influenced by the inflow and outflow cycles.     

Relevance of inflows on the thermodynamic structure and on the modeling of a deep subalpine lake (Lake Maggiore,Northern Italy/Southern Switzerland)

Atmospheric exchanges largely dominate the heat budget of deep lakes in temperate regions. Heat import and export by through-flows is of much lower entity and has been neglected or simplified in many numerical thermodynamic models of lakes. This is often due either to the unavailability of data for inflows and outflows, or to the difficulties in forecasting the evolution of their discharge and temperature in climate change studies. While disregarding through-flows may seem correct, riverine intrusions can bring warmer water than the deep hypolimnetic one to the lower metalimnion and upper hypolimnion, where sunlight does not penetrate and mixing is poor. For holomictic lakes with significant inflow contributions, this can affect the thermal structure at intermediate depths, hampering any numerical model which neglects through-flows. This study focuses on a relevant basin under such aspect, Lake Maggiore (Northern Italy/Southern Switzerland), which drains the rainiest watershed of the Southern Alps. First, we quantify to what extent a one-dimensional fixed-level model ignoring through-flows is able to predict the observed evolution of the thermal structure of the lake and the improvements resulting from reproducing the main inflows and outflows. Then, we directly discuss the influence of through-flows on the thermodynamic structure of Lake Maggiore. The General Lake Model (GLM) was here adopted, reproducing the 1998–2014 period, spanning years with different meteorological and hydrological features. Results show that a calibrated enclosed-lake model can give satisfactory results only if it employs an unrealistically low light extinction coefficient to allow heating of the deep metalimnion and hypolimnion, whose real warming strongly depends on interflows.     

DEVELOPMENT OF DETENTION VOLUME MODEL FOR DETENTION PONDS WITH LONG-DURATION RAINFALL

The detention pond is one of the crucial items in detention facilities. It may effectively alleviate the occurrence of peak discharge, control the center of flood flow, and reduce the amount of soil loss. The objective of this study is analyzing the detention volume change of a detention pond with long-duration rainfall under the known isosceles trapezoidal inflow hydrograph model. The volume change of detention, which is under the influences of a givenisosceles trapezoidal inflow hydrograph and the extent of peak attenuation, is investigated by using the non-dimensional detention theory and the related mathematical analyses. The minimum detention volume of a detention pond can therefore be calculated based on the estimated of volume change of detention. The proposed detention volume estimation model can be used for the design of detention of facilities during the hillside development.     

大西洋和西太平洋海域热带气旋海表面入流角和拖曳系数特征对比分析

本文利用大量全球定位下投式探空仪（dropsonde）资料,对15个大西洋飓风和11个西太平洋台风海域的入流角频数分布差异进行对比,探究在热带气旋不同强度和不同边界层平均风速下入流角的分布特征,分析了两个海域拖曳系数随入流角变化的趋势.结果表明,两海域在热带气旋背景下的入流角分布具有共同点：在强度更大的热带气旋里入流角的平均值更大,分布更集中,入流角在不同风速范围内均呈正态分布且差异较小;同时两海域的入流角特征也存在差异,大西洋飓风的平均入流角大于西太平洋台风,并且大西洋飓风的拖曳系数随着入流角增加而增大,而西太平洋台风的拖曳系数随入流角的增加先减小后增大.研究结果为探究热带气旋背景下入流角的作用和影响拖曳系数变化的因子提供了新的参考.

     

血液流动对MR成像的影响

本文讨论了血液流动对ＭＲ成像的影响。它们是图像为影的来源，在血管造影中，它们用于显示血管和提供关于血液流动速度的信息。流动两个方面的影响敏感，第一质子群的流入和注出。第二流动产生的相位移。本文也介绍了流动补偿技术。     

山东平邑县德埠庄石膏矿区北矿段水文地质特征分析

德埠庄石膏矿区北矿段位于平邑凹陷的西部,通过研究区内地质孔简易水文地质编录、水文地质孔分层抽水试验,查明了矿床水文地质条件及石膏矿带含水特征,确定水文地质单元边界条件模型,采用“水文地质比拟法”预测矿床正常涌水量和最大涌水量,在此基础上划定矿床水文地质条件属于中等型。     

丰源煤矿矿井涌水规律及控制因素分析

丰源煤矿位于新疆呼图壁县白杨沟内,井田开采历史较长,存在大量老窑水富集区,且紧邻白杨沟河,故煤矿主井长期面临涌水问题,对主井进行了近两年的排水,涌水量仍未见明显降低,推测主井与白杨沟河、老窑水之间存在较复杂的导水通道。对丰源煤矿及其邻区开展了构造地质调查、水文地球化学分析、地球物理勘探等工作,对矿井突水通道位置和范围变化等情况进行了空间动态连通性分析,基本查明了影响矿井涌水量的主要因素,即:(1)NE向的断层F_4、F_5有一定阻水性;(2)NW向、近EW向节理、断层密集带构成了区域的优势导水结构面;(3)塌陷坑及河道衬砌严重破坏段为拉张塌陷区,构成了地表水和浅层潜水的主要渗漏补给区。     

密云水库入库径流变化趋势及动因分析

运用回归分析和多种曲线拟合方法,对密云水库近几十年来的入库径流时间系列进行了分析,结果表明,入库径流总体上呈指数减少趋势,洪峰流量从绝对流量和所占比例两个方面都有大幅度的减少,而且洪水减少程度高于一般径流减少程度。同时,变化过程中表现出明显的阶段性。分析认为,气候变化对入库径流减少的影响较小,而流域内人口的增加和土地利用变化是入库径流减少的主要驱动因子。     

1986-2017年太湖出、入湖水量变化分析

作为流域内水资源调蓄和调度的中枢,太湖的出、入湖水量格局随着一系列工程、非工程措施的实施已然改变.基于1986-2017年近30年的环湖出、入湖水量资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、突变检验法和滑动t检验法,对环湖及地区出、入湖水量变化进行了定性、定量研究,并讨论了产生变化的可能原因.结果表明:1986-2017年,环湖年入湖水量增加趋势显著,在20世纪90年代后期突变增加,年出湖水量增加趋势显著,在21世纪初后期突变增加;多年平均年入湖总量突变后较突变前增加了29.66亿m3,多年平均年出湖总量增加了18.63亿m3;江苏入湖水量增长率、增长贡献率分别为53%和84%,出湖水量增长率、增长贡献率分别为31%和48%;浙江入湖水量增长率、增长贡献率无明显改变,出湖水量增长率、增长贡献率分别为26%和31%;望虞河出入湖增长率最大,但增长贡献率不大;太浦河出湖增长率、增长贡献率无明显变化;出、入湖水量的变化抬升了太湖年平均水位和年最低水位,对年最高水位影响较小;水利工程调度对出、入湖水量的影响逐渐占据主导作用.