我国前冬和后冬的划分及其气温的年际变异

基于我国762站均一化逐日平均和逐日最低气温数据集，对我国年最低气温的概率密度分布的分析表明，我国年最低气温的概率密度呈现清晰的双峰分布特征。进一步考察其原因发现东亚冬季风盛行期间我国年最低气温的分布具有显著的地域性差异，以冬季气候态气温的0℃为界大致可以分为两种气候区。综合不同气候区内年最低气温所在日期的概率密度分布的结果，将11月16日至次年1月15日划分为前冬，次年1月16日至3月15日划分为后冬。在此基础上，通过依赖于季节的经验正交函数分解方法分析了近56年我国前冬和后冬气温在年际变异上的特征，并进一步利用NCEP/NCAR全球日平均再分析资料通过合成分析的方法研究了其对应的大气定常波和瞬变波特征。结果表明:年际变化时间尺度上，我国前冬和后冬气温演变仍表现为前、后冬同相演变和反相演变这两个主要模态。同相演变模态环流异常的空间形态在前冬和后冬较为一致，并随着前冬向后冬的推移其环流异常的强度在不断加强；反相演变模态则对应了环流异常在前冬和后冬的相反变化，且其环流异常的空间形态在前冬和后冬有较大不同。对大气波动特征的分析表明，瞬变波的动力和热力的强迫作用以及定常波能量向下游的频散对北大西洋至欧亚大陆上定常波列的维持和发展具有重要作用。同相演变模态中，北大西洋上的波列将能量从北美向欧洲地区传播，加强了后冬欧洲地区的高压异常，该中心在后冬向下游的能量频散显著增强，形成了一个自欧洲经喀拉海以东至贝加尔湖附近的定常波列，大气瞬变波所引起的动力和热力强迫对该波列位于欧洲和贝加尔湖地区的大气活动中心的维持和发展具有正的贡献。反相演变模态中前冬的波动特征与同相演变模态后冬基本一致，而后冬则表现为从北大西洋中部向格陵兰岛传播，并进一步向东经乌拉尔山附近传向青藏高原北部的波列，风暴轴移动所引起的大气瞬变波的动力和热力强迫对该波列位于北大西洋地区南侧的中心有维持作用。     

On the influence of the polarization and the shape of the strain loop on strain accumulation in sand under high-cyclic loading

This paper presents results of cyclic triaxial (CT) tests on sand with a simultaneous variation of the axial and the lateral stresses. Furthermore, a cyclic multidimensional simple shear (CMDSS) device and corresponding test results are discussed. For in-phase cycles with a constant strain amplitude it is demonstrated that the accumulation rate is independent of the polarization of the cycles in the strain space. Polarization changes lead to a temporary increase of the accumulation rate: they increase the effectiveness of compaction. For out-of-phase (e.g. elliptical) cycles the shape of the strain loop significantly influences the residual strain. A circular strain loop generates twice larger accumulation rates than a one-dimensional strain loop with identical span. The accumulation rate is not influenced by the circulation of the strain loop. It is shown that the direction of accumulation (so-called “cyclic flow rule”) is only moderately affected by the polarization and the shape of the cycles.     

A very low frequency-electromagnetic study of the geo-environmental hazardous areas in Taiwan

This study utilized the very low frequency-electromagnetic (VLF-EM) technique, a passive electromagnetic prospecting method working in the very low frequency range (15–30 KHz) to investigate the geo-environmental problems of shallow, low conductivity sedimentary layers in Taiwan. Field examples successfully demonstrate the advantages of using this method in locating non-mineralized shallow fault zones. The zero-crossings of in-phase and quadrature measurements in 2-D contour maps clearly locate the position of subsurface anomalous source bodies. Further analysis of the measured VLF single profile peaks reveals that this method is useful in determining subsurface structures and conductivity. The advantages of nondestructive, noninvasive, and low consumption of power make this method extremely friendly to the environment. The authors anticipate this method will have more profound impacts on the interactions between prospecting technology and the earth.