The impact of the M2 internal tide on data-assimilative model estimates of the surface tide

We use a synthetic data experiment to assess the accuracy of ocean tides estimated from satellite altimetry data, with emphasis on the impact of the phase-locked internal tide, which has a surface expression of several centimeters near its sites of genesis. Previous tidal estimates have regarded this signal as a random measurement error; however, it is deterministic and not scale-separated from the barotropic (surface) tide around complex bathymetric features. The synthetic data experiments show that the internal tide has a negligible impact on the barotropic tidal fields inferred under these circumstances, and the barotropic dissipation (a quadratic functional of the tidal fields) is in good agreement with the energetics of the three-dimensional regional primitive equations model which is the source of the synthetic data.     

High-pressure partial melting of gabbro and its role in the Hawaiian magma source

We have conducted high-pressure experiments on a natural oceanic gabbro composition (Gb108). Our aim was to test recent proposals that Sr-enrichment in rare primitive melt inclusions from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, may have resulted from melting of garnet pyroxenite formed in the magma source regions by reaction of peridotite with siliceous, Sr-enriched partial melts of eclogite of gabbroic composition. Gb108 is a natural, Sr-enriched olivine gabbro, which has a strong positive Sr anomaly superimposed on an overall depleted incompatible trace element pattern, reflecting its origin as a plagioclase-rich cumulate. At high pressures it crystallises as a coesite eclogite assemblage, with the solidus between 1,300 and 1,350°C at 3.5 GPa and 1,450 and 1,500°C at 4.5 GPa. Clinopyroxenes contain 4–9% Ca-eskolaite component, which varies systematically with pressure and temperature. Garnets are almandine and grossular-rich. Low degree partial melts are highly siliceous in composition, resembling dacites. Coesite is eliminated between 50 and 100°C above the solidus. The whole-rock Sr-enrichment is primarily hosted by clinopyroxene. This phase dominates the mode (>75 wt%) at all investigated PT conditions, and is the major contributor to partial melts of this eclogite composition. Hence the partial melts have trace element patterns sub-parallel to those of clinopyroxene with ≈10× greater overall abundances and with strong positive Sr anomalies. Recent studies of primitive Hawaiian volcanics have suggested the incorporation into their source regions of eclogite, formerly gabbroic material recycled through the mantle at subduction zones. The models suggest that formerly gabbroic material, present as eclogite in the Hawaiian plume, partially melted earlier than surrounding peridotite (i.e. at higher pressure) because of the lower solidus temperature of eclogite compared with peridotite. This produced highly siliceous melts which reacted with surrounding peridotite producing hybrid pyroxene + garnet lithologies. The Sr-enriched nature of the formerly plagioclase-rich gabbro was present in the siliceous partial melts, as demonstrated by these experiments, and was transferred to the reactive pyroxenite. These in turn partially melted, producing Sr-enriched picritic liquids which mixed with normal picritic partial melts of peridotite before eruption. On rare occasions these mixed, relatively Sr-rich melts were trapped as melt inclusions in primitive olivine phenocrysts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

New K–Ar ages for calculating end-of-shield extrusion rates at West Maui volcano,Hawaiian island chain

Thirty-seven new K–Ar ages from West Maui volcano, Hawai‘i, are used to define the waning stages of shield growth and a brief episode of postshield volcanism. All but two samples from shield-stage strata have reversed polarity magnetization, so conceivably the exposed shield is not much older than the Olduvai Normal-Polarity subchron, or about 1.8 Ma. The oldest ages obtained are in the range 1.9–2.1 Ma but have large analytical error. Shield volcanism ended about 1.35 Ma, and postshield volcanism followed soon thereafter, persisting until about 1.2 Ma. Exposed shield-stage strata were emplaced at a rate of about 0.001 km³ per year, a rate smaller than historic Hawaiian magmatic rates by a factor of 100. Stratigraphic accumulation rates are similar to those measured previously at Wai‘anae volcano (O‘ahu) or the upper part of the Mauna Kea shield sequence (Hilo drill core, Hawai‘i). These rates diminish sharply during the final 0.3–0.5 m.y. of the shield stage. Hawaiian shield volcanoes begin waning well before their last 0.5 m.y. of life, then end quickly, geologically speaking, if West Maui is representative.     

夏威夷群岛主要客源地旅游者行为特征研究

夏威夷群岛是世界上著名的岛屿旅游地,是以休闲、娱乐为主要旅游目的的地区之一.通过美国夏威夷州2003 Annual Visitor Research Report,获得第二手关于夏威夷旅游者的详细数据资料,依据旅游者行为特征的研究方法,对数据进行技术处理,找出夏威夷群岛主要客源地（Major Market Areas,MMA）游客行为特征,旨在对我国海岛旅游业发展有所启示.     

A dynamic relationship between the leaf phenology and rainfall regimes of Hawaiian tropical ecosystems: A remote sensing approach

Hypertemporal MODIS time series data provide a unique opportunity to investigate a dynamic relationship between leaf phenology and the climatic pattern of diverse, cloud‐prone Hawaiian ecosystems. Harmonic analysis summarized the complex greenness signals of Hawaiian tropical ecosystems into two main phenological wave forms – a moisture‐limited and a light‐limited type. Greenness maximums occurred during the wet season in dry and mesic ecosystems, and during the dry season in wet forests. The magnitude and periodicity of greenness fluctuations were also rainfall‐dependent. The annual greenness amplitude increased with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP) in dry and mesic ecosystems. In wetter environments where MAP was greater than 3000 mm, however, annual greenness amplitude decreased with MAP. Annual greenness periodicity was stronger in drylands than in wet forests, and it weakened as annual precipitation increased. This result shows that rainfall is less important as a limiting factor in wet forests than it is in drylands. Therefore, leaf phenology is not governed by rainfall seasonality as forest wetness increases in the region.     

新疆北准噶尔乔夏哈拉-老山口苦橄岩建造及其构造意义

近年在新疆北准噶尔构造带的乔夏哈拉-老山口地区发现有苦橄岩存在.苦橄岩与苦橄质玄武岩、玄武玢岩、辉绿岩、安粗岩、粗面岩以及凝灰岩、碳酸盐岩组成洋底苦橄岩建造,总厚大于1780 m,为新的岩层,建议采用"乔夏哈拉组"组名.苦橄岩有橄榄石苦橄岩、橄榄石-辉石苦橄岩和辉石苦橄岩3种.苦橄岩ω(SiO2)39.9%～46.78%;ω(MgO)16.4%～36.67%;ω(Na2O+K2O)0.17%～1.47%,多数小于0.5%;ω(TiO2)0.28%～0.62%,个别1.05%.总体具低硅、低铝、低钛、低碱、高镁特征.稀土元素总量＜45×10-6,轻稀土略富集,Eu低正异常.微量元素Li、Be、U、Rb、Sr、Ba、V、F、Bi、Pb等元素明显富集,而Ni、Cr、Co和S明显亏损.表明经过一定程度的分异作用,并有上地壳成分的污染,铂族元素含量接近世界其它地区苦橄岩,具有Pt/Pd＜1和贫Os、Ir的特征.     

云南丽江苦橄岩Re-Os同位素地球化学初步研究

报导了云南丽江地区大具和仕满剖面12个苦橄岩和6个玄武岩的Re，Os含量和Os同位素组成。苦橄岩和玄武岩具有明显不同的Re-Os体系的特征。苦橄岩具有高的Os元素丰度［(1.5~3)×10-9］和低的Re元素丰度（<0.05×10-9）；共生的玄武岩具有低的Os元素丰度（<0.5×10-9）和相对高的Re元素丰度（<0.8×10-9）；苦橄岩具有低放射成因的 187Os/188Os 比值（0.123 3~0.126 6），而玄武岩具有高放射成因的187Os/188Os比值（0.133 8~0.157 7）。苦橄岩的Re-Os同位素特征与越南西北部二叠—三叠纪科马提岩具有低放射成因Os同位素特征相似，而玄武岩的Re-Os同位素特征与峨眉山大火成岩省（LIP）其他地区玄武岩的高放射成因的Os同位素特征相似。苦橄岩的Re-Os同位素特征表明，形成峨眉山LIP的地幔柱可能来自对流上地幔而不是深部的核-幔界面。换言之，峨眉山LIP的形成受控于岩石圈地幔过程而不是地幔柱过程。     

新疆阿尔泰山南缘泥盆纪弧型苦橄岩铂族元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

全球岛弧火山岩的铂族元素数据非常少。本研究对新疆阿尔泰山南缘中泥盆世北塔山组地层中的苦橄岩的铂族元素进行了分析,结果表明:其铂族元素的含量总体变化不大,其原始地幔标准化曲线总体上和已经报道的大西洋Lesser Antilles岛弧的G renada苦橄岩相似,均以富集钯组铂族元素(PPGE)为特征,但总体含量比后者高,而比大火成岩省的苦橄岩低。一些铂族元素的特征比值指示了苦橄岩和富辉玄武岩起源于软流圈地幔,而高的w(Os)/w(Ir)比值则暗示了源区中有深海沉积物的加入。w(Pd)/w(Ir)-w(N i)/w(Cu)图解说明本区的苦橄岩不是原始岩浆,而是原始的高镁玄武岩中有过剩橄榄石的加入,而w(Pd)-w(Cu)图解则说明原始岩浆硫不饱和。IPGE在俯冲带流体中相对稳定,而PPGE在俯冲带流体中的活动性相对较高。     

北太平洋副热带向东逆流区Rossby波斜压稳定性

根据对卫星观测的海平面高度资料的分析,进一步证实了在北太平洋副热带两支向东的流（副热带逆流和夏威夷背风逆流）所在的区域内,海平面高度的70～210天周期振荡是主要的低频变化.发现在这两支向东的逆流区Rossby波的特性不同：副热带逆流区70～210天周期振荡对应的Rossby波西传过程中增幅,在台湾以东振幅达到最大;而在夏威夷背风逆流区,70～210天周期Rossby波在西传过程中不出现增幅现象.依据25层海洋模式得到的关于Rossby波振幅、频率与海洋层结之间的关系,揭示了周期为70～210天的Rossby波为不稳定波,这是由于副热带逆流海域模态水存在使得密度的垂直梯度变小的缘故;而在夏威夷背风逆流区位于表层逆流下的北赤道流西深东浅,70～210天周期Rossby长波在逆流的东部有可能不稳定,但其在逆流的西部是稳定的,因此不出现在西传过程中增幅现象;发现在北太平洋副热带两个向东流的海域,年周期Rossby波是稳定的,因此,在该海域海平面周期为70～210天的振荡的振幅要比年周期振荡的振幅大.     

Isotope Compositions of Submarine Hana Ridge Lavas, Haleakala Volcano, Hawaii: Implications for Source Compositions, Melting Process and the Structure of the Hawaiian Plume

We report Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions for 17 bulk-rocksamples from the submarine Hana Ridge, Haleakala volcano, Hawaii,collected by three dives by ROV Kaiko during a joint Japan–USHawaiian cruise in 2001. The Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios forthe submarine Hana Ridge lavas are similar to those of Kilauealavas. This contrasts with the isotope ratios from the subaerialHonomanu lavas of the Haleakala shield, which are similar toMauna Loa lavas or intermediate between the Kilauea and MaunaLoa fields. The observation that both the Kea and Loa componentscoexist in individual shields is inconsistent with the interpretationthat the location of volcanoes within the Hawaiian chain controlsthe geographical distribution of the Loa and Kea trend geochemicalcharacteristics. Isotopic and trace element ratios in Haleakalashield lavas suggest that a recycled oceanic crustal gabbroiccomponent is present in the mantle source. The geochemical characteristicsof the lavas combined with petrological modeling calculationsusing trace element inversion and pMELTS suggest that the meltingdepth progressively decreases in the mantle source during shieldgrowth, and that the proportion of the recycled oceanic gabbroiccomponent sampled by the melt is higher in the later stagesof Hawaiian shields as the volcanoes migrate away from the centralaxis of the plume. KEY WORDS: submarine Hana Ridge; isotope composition; melting depth; Hawaiian mantle plume