New paleomagnetic result from the Ethiopian flood basalts in the Abbay (Blue Nile) and Kessem gorges

New paleomagnetic investigations on the Ethiopian trap series have been undertaken at the Abbay and Kessem gorges in an attempt to better constrain the 30 Ma paleomagnetic pole of Africa. We sampled six thick massive basaltic lava flows, totaling 230 m, from Abbay Gorge and 10 lava flows, 180 m in thickness, from Kessem Gorge. Detailed paleomagnetic analyses disclosed that the carriers of the characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) are different in different lava flows. These are mostly titanomagnetites, titanomaghemites, and magnetite minerals with a broad range of coercive force and blocking temperatures. The heating and cooling susceptibility vs. temperature curves, many of which are irreversible, may indicate chemical remagnetization, notably low temperature maghemitization. Only one flow (KS04) with a clear 580°C Curie temperature was apparently unaffected by chemical remagnetization. The ChRM direction of this flow is identical to that in other flows, which suggests that if and when remagnetization occurred, this was shortly after emplacement of the lava flows. All of the flows sampled have normal polarity. However, a reversed component of low to medium coercive force and low to medium unblocking temperature occurs in flow KS01 at Kessem Gorge. The ChRM directions for the 16 sites are D=3.1°, I=5.8° (α₉₅=12.7°). The paleomagnetic pole obtained from these is at λ=83.0°N, φ=193.3°E (A₉₅=9.0°). Comparison with three previous studies of the traps shows remarkable consistency and a number of means are derived and discussed. Two final preferred poles for the traps are at λ=79.0°N, φ=196.9°E (A₉₅=2.8°) when all 112 published flows are used, and λ=78.7°N, φ=209.4°E (A₉₅=3.4°) when only the 76 flows from the four more recently analyzed sections are included. Both are compatible with the recent reference synthetic pole for Africa of Courtillot and Besse [J. Geophys. Res. (2002) in press]. In that sense, the Ethiopian trap pole is not anomalous and does not require more of a non-dipolar contribution than indicated by analyses of the global paleomagnetic data base covering the last few million years.     

世界主要国家及地区制造业GVC地位时空格局演化——基于TiVA数据库的研究

在经济全球化和全球产业转移不断深化的背景下,不同国家在国际分工生产中所处的全球价值链（GVC）地位不同。一国能否从参与全球化中获益,日益取决于能否成功融入全球价值链,并在某一特定环节占据竞争优势。明确全球制造业大国的GVC地位,认识其国际分工及影响规律具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。利用TiVA数据库,测算世界59个国家及地区1995—2014年制造业GVC地位指数并分析其演变特征。结果显示：全球价值链地位较高的国家及地区主要分布在美洲、欧洲及东亚,位于中亚、西亚、非洲和大洋洲的国家参与极少,近年来高附加值生产环节呈现不断向少数国家及地区集中的趋势。大部分国家及地区劳动密集型行业地位较高,技术密集型地位指数较低,技术密集型行业的贸易附加值主要被少数掌握核心技术和价值链两端的国家及地区获得。从细分行业上看,核心国家及地区均呈现了分阶段演化的特征。在空间相关关系上,制造业整体和劳动密集型行业GVC地位指数均呈显著的空间集聚分布特征,且集聚程度先降低后升高,资本密集型行业GVC地位指数空间集聚分布最为显著且集聚程度不断增强,而技术密集型行业GVC地位指数空间集聚效应不明显。从空间集聚形式来看,大部分国家及地区GVC地位指数较低,贸易附加值被少数GVC地位较高的国家及地区获得。此外,外商直接投资、资本投入会抑制一国GVC地位的提升,科研创新能力对于一国GVC地位的提升起促进作用,出口规模与一国GVC地位呈明显的正向关系,行政效能对于一国GVC地位无明显影响,但是行政效能会促进外商直接投资对于GVC地位的抑制作用。     

基于CorelDRAW的地图注记自动化配置方法研究

作为制图者与用图者间信息传递的桥梁,地图注记辅助地图符号,对制图要素的名称、种类、性质和数量特征等进行了标识和说明,是地图不可或缺的组成部分。曲线、文字编辑功能极强的CorelDRAW软件颇受制图人员青睐,尤其在注记配置工作中扮演着重要角色。文章从点、线、面三个角度对地图注记配置进行了理论探析,同时基于CorelDRAW 15．0 Type Library控件和VBA环境进行了二次开发,智能化地实现了点注记的四点定位、线注记的适合路径、封闭面域的构建和自定义面注记的添加,对提高地图制图的效率和美化图面效果具有十分重要的意义。     

National and Regional Trends in “Jobs in Geography”: 1980–1993

The number of “Jobs in Geography” advertised in the AAG Newsletter for U.S. faculty positions is analyzed for the 14 academic years from 1979–80 through 1992–93. Results reveal more job opportunities in the latter half of the study period, especially for tenured/tenure track positions as opposed to temporary jobs. The share of available positions open to ranks above the Assistant Professor level is smaller in the early 1990s compared to the 1980s. A distinct decline in faculty openings occurs for 1992–1993. Considerable regional variations in the job market situation are revealed.     

基于次序统计量理论的洪水频率分析方法研究

针对目前参数估计方法存在稀遇洪水频率设计值偏大的问题,提出采用基于数值次序统计量期望值的适线法计算洪水频率设计初始值;针对目前参数估计方法存在常遇洪水频率设计值偏小的问题,提出采用周文德公式修正目前频率设计偏小的情形,计算洪水频率设计修正值;针对目前传统方法计算洪水频率设计值抽样误差大的问题,提出采用基于数值次序统计量标准差的方法计算洪水频率设计保证值。定量分析表明,提出的基于数值次序统计量期望值的优化适线法具有良好的无偏性和有效性;寸滩站洪水频率设计修正值大于频率设计初始值,且两者偏差随着频率减小而减小;寸滩站洪水频率设计保证值明显大于修正值。     

祁连山森林草原带土壤属性和植被生物量对坡向和坡位的响应

祁连山森林草原带为典型的山地森林和草原镶嵌景观,带内植被呈显著的斑块状分布格局,与地形因子密切相关.探究森林草原带内地形因子与土壤和植被的关系,对该区生态恢复具有重要意义.采用样地-样方调查法,研究了祁连山森林草原带土壤属性和植被生物量随坡向(南、西南、西和北)和坡位(山顶、上坡、中坡、下坡和山谷)的变化特征及其与水热...     

Molecular Line Parameters for the “MASTER” (Millimeter Wave Acquisitions for Stratosphere/Troposphere Exchange Research) Database

In order to investigate the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) region of the earth's atmosphere, ESA/ESTEC (European space agency) is considering the opportunity to develop the spaceborne limb sounding millimeter sensor “MASTER” (millimeter wave acquisitions for stratosphere/troposphere exchange research). This instrument is part of the “atmospheric composition explorer for chemistry and climate interactions” (ACECHEM) project. In addition, ESA/ESTEC is developing the “MARSCHALS” (millimeter-wave airborne receiver for spectroscopic characterization of atmospheric limb sounding) airborne instrument which will demonstrate the feasibility of MASTER. The present paper describes the line-by-line database which was generated in order to meet at best the needs of the MASTER (or MARSCHALS) instrument. The linelist involves line positions, line intensities, line broadening and line shift parameters in the 294–305, 316–325, 342–348, 497–506 and 624–626 GHz spectral microwindows. This database was first generated for the target molecules for MASTER (H₂O, O₃, N₂O, CO, O₂, HNO₃, HCl, ClO, CH₃Cl, BrO). In addition, ten additional molecules (SO₂, NO₂, OCS, H₂CO, HOCl, HCN, H₂O₂, COF₂, HO₂ and HOBr) had also to be considered in the database as “possible interfering species” for the retrieval of the target molecules of MASTER. The line parameters were derived, depending on their estimated accuracy, (i) from a combination of spectral parameters included in the JPL and HITRAN catalogs (ii) from data taken into the literature or (iii) using data obtained through experimental measurements (and/or) calculations performed during the present study.     

Optical positions of 3C 273

We have measured an optical position of 3C 273 in the AGK3 system using the 40cm astrograph of Shanghai Observatory. Combining with others' observations, we have derived a “proper motion”. A comparison with other results is made.     

基于CorelDRAW的制图要素符号化研究

制图要素符号化是利用形式多样的地图符号,对地物的空间位置、分布特点以及数量、质量等基本特征进行可视化表达的过程。CorelDRAW极强的图形、文字及矢量线划编辑功能颇受制图人员青睐,尤其在要素符号化工作中扮演着重要角色。文章从点、线、面三个角度对制图要素符号化进行了理论探析,并基于CorelDRAWX5及其宏编辑器,引用CorelDRAW 15.0 Type Library控件进行了二次开发,实现了点状符号的九位替换、工字型国界符号的生成和自定义点符号的面域填充,不仅提高了地图制图效率,而且确保了图面内容的美观性。