北京云蒙山地区花岗岩穹隆及伸展构造的探讨

北京云蒙山花岗岩为一中生代侵入的花岗岩穹隆,花岗岩穹隆的叶理普遍发育,叶理轨迹基本平行于穹隆的外部边界,并显示出从核部到边部逐渐增强,东南侧明显强于西北侧的特点。变形构造研究显示,花岗岩穹隆的边部及围岩中普遍存在不同层次及不同运动方向的伸展构造。东南侧以具河防口－水峪伸展型韧性剪切带为特征,剪切运动标志显示为从ＮＷ－ＳＥ的正剪切运动,有限应变分析估算其剪切位移量在１０ｋｍ以上,剪切带上部被河防口正     

Surface temperature differences between minerals in crystalline rocks: Implications for granular disaggregation of granites through thermal fatigue

Thermal expansion differences between minerals within rocks under insolation have previously been assumed to drive breakdown by means of granular disaggregation. However, there have been no definitive demonstrations of the efficacy of this weathering mechanism. Different surface temperatures between minerals should magnify thermal expansion differences, and thus subject adjacent minerals to repeated stresses that might cause breakdown through fatigue failure. This work confirms the existence of surface temperature differences between minerals in granitic rocks under simulated short-term temperature fluctuations so as to discriminate their potential for initiating granular disaggregation. The influence of colour, as a surrogate for albedo, and crystal size, as a function of thermal mass are specifically identified because of their ease of quantification. Four rock types with a range of these properties were examined, and subjected to repeated short-term temperature cycles by radiative heating and cooling under laboratory conditions. Results show that while albedo is the main control for overall and individual maximum temperatures, crystal size is the main factor controlling higher temperature differences between minerals. Thus, stones with large differences of mineral sizes can undergo magnified stresses due to thermal expansion differences.     

CCSD主孔1113~1600 m花岗质片麻岩单元的变形构造特征

中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔2000m岩性剖面揭示了1113～1600m花岗质片麻岩段为地表北苏鲁超高压花岗质变质岩剪切构造叠覆岩片中的石湖镇构造岩片的花岗质片麻岩的下延部分。本单元之上下界线为韧性剪切带,内部发育小型韧性剪切变形,仅局部可见旋转碎斑体系等剪切指向标志,以SE向NW的逆冲剪切指向为主,其次为NW向SE的正滑剪切指向,并主要发育于较软弱夹层内,后者成为苏鲁地区存在伸展型穹隆构造的新证据;在1140～1280m岩性段内发育断续、较弱的拉伸线理,拉伸线理总体向SE倾伏,倾伏角为10～36°;花岗质片麻岩单元内部分石英以多晶石英条带的形式存在,花岗质片麻岩主要矿物长石基本没有动态重结晶现象,仅具较弱的形态拉长特征(X∶Z=2左右),总体面理倾向170°E,倾角平均20°,明显不同于其他岩性单元内的面理产状,可能主要代表折返变形之前的近东西向构造,而其他岩性单元受折返变形影响较大,其面理产状主要代表折返阶段形成的NE-NNE向构造;运用电子背散射(EBSD)技术进行石英组构分析并与费氏台测定对比,表明1113～1600m花岗质片麻岩单元经历了中—低温变形,局部残留有高温组构,剪切指向主要为SE向NW的逆冲,其中高温组构与中温组构均显示为SE向NW的逆冲剪切指向,反映折返早期与折返主期岩片的相对剪切方向一     

Gneiss-Water Interaction and Water Evolution During the Early Stages of Dissolution Experiments at Room Temperature

Gneiss-distilled water interaction at room temperature was investigated with batch-reactors to study water-rock reaction and geochemical evolution of the aqueous phase with time. The ion concentrations in water were controlled not only by the dissolution of primary minerals, but also by the precipitation of secondary minerals. The decreasing fraction sizes of gneiss could favor dissolution and precipitation simultaneously. Ca^2 and K^ were the major cations, and HCO3^- was the major anion in water. All the ions except Ca^2 increased in concentration with time. The Ca^2 release from the rock to the aqueous phase was initially much faster than the release of K^ , Na^2 and Mg^2 . But after about 5 - 24 hours, the Ca^2 concentrations in water decreased very slowly with time and became relatively stable. During the experiment, the water varied from the Ca-( K)-HCO3-type water to the K-Ca-HCO3-type water, and then to the K-(Ca, Na)-HCO3-type water. The water-gneiss interaction was dominated by the dissolution of Kfeldspar in the solution. The remaining secondary minerals were mainly kaolinite, illite and K (Mg) -mica.     

The submarine eruption of the Bombarda volcano,Milos Island,Cyclades, Greece

The Milos volcanic field includes a well-exposed volcaniclastic succession which records a long history of submarine explosive volcanism. The Bombarda volcano, a rhyolitic monogenetic center, erupted ∼1.7 Ma at a depth <200 m below sea level. The aphyric products are represented by a volcaniclastic apron (up to 50 m thick) and a lava dome. The apron is composed of pale gray juvenile fragments and accessory lithic clasts ranging from ash to blocks. The juvenile clasts are highly vesicular to non-vesicular; the vesicles are dominantly tube vesicles. The volcaniclastic apron is made up of three fades: massive to normally graded pumice-lithic breccia, stratified pumice-lithic breccia, and laminated ash with pumice blocks. We interpret the apron beds to be the result of water-supported, volcaniclastic mass-How emplacement, derived directly from the collapse of a small-volume, subaqueous eruption column and from syn-eruptive, down-slope resedimentation of volcaniclastic debris. During this eruptive phase, the activity could have involved a complex combination of phreatomagmatic explosions and minor submarine effusion. The lava dome, emplaced later in the source area, is made up of flow-banded lava and separated from the apron by an obsidian carapace a few meters thick. The near-vertical orientation of the carapace suggests that the dome was intruded within the apron. Remobilization of pyroclastic debris could have been triggered by seismic activity and the lava dome emplacement. Published online: 30 January 2003 Editorial responsibility: J. McPhie     

大别山双河超高压变质岩的稳定同位素研究

大别山双河地区片麻岩的δ18O值与共生榴辉岩同步变化，为（-4.7—+10.3）‰，这些片麻岩的18O亏损与榴辉岩一样是在遭受超高压变质作用之前原岩与大气降水交换的结果。榴辉岩及其围岩片麻岩在板块俯冲、超高压变质和岩片折返过程中可能为一个构造上的整体，两者为“原地”接触关系。     

陕西小秦岭地区太华群的重新厘定

陕西小秦岭地区太华群变质岩与国内外许多高级片麻岩区类似，存在大量的深成花岗质片麻岩体，它们经过多期变质变形作用，形成具不同基础岩石类型的多相片麻岩。本文在吸收前人研究成果的基础上，依据区内岩石组合的岩石学、岩石地球化学等特征，将原划太华群重新厘定为太华岩群、翁岔铺片麻岩套、太峪岭片麻岩套、佛头崖单元、罗斑花岗伟晶岩及葫芦沟变砂岩，并首次在本区建立了相应的构─岩石单位体系。     

关于内蒙与晋冀交界地区早前寒武纪灰片麻岩和孔兹岩的讨论

晋冀内蒙边界地区的早前寒武纪岩石大致以大同－兴和一线为界分为南东部麻粒岩系和北西部孔兹岩系。麻粒岩系中称作灰片麻岩的浅色麻粒岩与世界各地太古代典型的灰片麻岩不同，其矿物组合含斜方辉石或二辉石，岩石化学成分高铁、高镁又高钙，不是典型的太古代灰片麻岩ＴＴＧ岩套，而应称作紫苏斜长花岗岩。如果原来是ＴＴＧ岩浆，则可能是因受表壳岩的混染所致。研究区内孔兹岩系的特征是堇青石片麻岩发育，沿韧性剪切带含堇青石的Ｓ－型花岗岩，以及作为熔融残留体的含堇青石麻粒岩也时有发现。三者的稀土元素分布型式表现出其间的成因关系。孔兹岩系中的夕线石多具近于平行（００１）的变形扭折带，在土贵乌拉还发现夕线石的（１１０）聚片双晶。这可能是夕线石双晶的首次发现。本文对夕线石作了详细测定。其＋２Ｖ＝２６°±０．５°．晶胞参数α＝β＝γ＝９０°，ａ＝７．５０，ｂ＝７．６５，ｃ＝５．８１，Ｖ＝３３０．０６３。     

Stable staurolite–cordierite assemblages in K‐poor metapelitic schists in Aston and Hospitalet gneiss domes of the central Pyrenees (France,Andorra)

Staurolite–cordierite assemblages are common in mica schists of the Aston and Hospitalet gneiss domes of the central Axial Zone, Pyrenees (France, Andorra). Within a 200 m wide zone, staurolite, cordierite and andalusite porphyroblasts contain inclusion trails that preserve the same stage of development of a crenulation cleavage, strongly suggesting that all three phases are contemporaneous. Their syntectonic growth occurred during a short period at the beginning of the formation of the dominant schistosity (S₂) of the domes. Staurolite and cordierite touching each other further indicates an equilibrium relationship. Whole‐rock analyses show that some staurolite–cordierite schists are depleted in K₂O compared to post‐Archean shales (PAAS) and amphibolite facies pelites. Analysis of the st‐crd paragenesis in K‐poor schists without muscovite using KFMASH and MnNCKFMASH petrogentic grids, pseudosections and AFM compatibility diagrams predicts stable conditions at pressures of ~3.5 kbar at 575 °C. For metapelites with intermediate X_Mg values (0.7 >  X_Mg >0.48) a ‘muscovite‐out window’ exists from 550–650 °C at 3.5 kbar in the KFMASH system. Conventional thermobarometry (GB‐GASP, AvT‐AvP) and petrogenetic grids show an isobaric P–T path to peak temperatures of ~650 °C, supported by the presence of sillimanite‐K‐feldspar gneiss and migmatites. LP‐HT metamorphism in the Aston dome is related to early Carboniferous (c. 339 Ma) granitic intrusions into the dome core. As metamorphism is directly linked with the formation of the main S₂ schistosity, the temporal relations demonstrated in this study conflict with previous studies which constrained LP‐HT metamorphism and the development of flat‐lying schistosity to the late Carboniferous (315–305 Ma) – at least in the eastern Axial Zone.     

The tectono‐metamorphic evolution of the very low‐grade hangingwall constrains two‐stage gneiss dome formation in the Montagne Noire (Southern France)

The Montagne Noire in the southernmost French Massif Central is made of an ENE‐elongated gneiss dome flanked by Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks. The tectonic evolution of the gneiss dome has generated controversy for more than half a century. As a result, a multitude of models have been proposed that invoke various tectonic regimes and exhumation mechanisms. Most of these models are based on data from the gneiss dome itself. Here, new constraints on the dome evolution are provided based on a combination of very low‐grade petrology, K–Ar geochronology, field mapping and structural analysis of the Palaeozoic western Mont Peyroux and Faugères units, which constitute part of the southern hangingwall of the dome. It is shown that southward‐directed Variscan nappe‐thrusting (D₁) and a related medium‐P metamorphism (M₁) are only preserved in the area furthest away from the gneiss dome. The regionally dominant pervasive tectono‐metamorphic event D₂/M₂ largely transposes D₁ structures, comprises a higher metamorphic thermal gradient than M₁ (transition low‐P and medium‐P metamorphic facies series) and affected the rocks between c. 309 and 300 Ma, post‐dating D₁/M₁ by more than 20 Ma. D₂‐related fabrics are refolded by D₃, which in its turn, is followed by dextral‐normal shearing along the basal shear zone of both units at c. 297 Ma. In the western Mont Peyroux and Faugères units, D₂/M₂ is largely synchronous with shearing along the southern dome margin between c. 311 and 303 Ma, facilitating the emplacement of the gneiss dome into the upper crust. D₂/M₂ also overlaps in time with granitic magmatism and migmatization in the Zone Axiale between c. 314 and 306 Ma, and a related low‐P/high‐T metamorphism at c. 308 Ma. The shearing that accompanied the exhumation of the dome therefore was synchronous with a peak in temperature expressed by migmatization and intrusion of melts within the dome, and also with the peak of metamorphism in the hangingwall. Both, the intensity of D₂ fabrics and the M₂ metamorphic grade within the hangingwall, decrease away from the gneiss dome, with grades ranging from the anchizone–epizone boundary to the diagenetic zone. The related zonation of the pre‐D₃ metamorphic field gradients paralleled the dome. These observations indicate that D₂/M₂ is controlled by the exhumation of the Zone Axiale, and suggest a coherent kinematic between the different crustal levels at some time during D₂/M₂. Based on integration of these findings with regional geological constraints, a two‐stage exhumation of the gneiss dome is proposed: during a first stage between c. 316 and 300 Ma dome emplacement into the upper crust was controlled by dextral shear zones arranged in a pull‐apart‐like geometry. The second stage from 300 Ma onwards was characterized by northeast to northward extension, with exhumation accommodated by north‐dipping detachments and hangingwall basin formation along the northeastern dome margin.