Geodynamic significance of granitoid magmatism in the southeast Anatolian orogen: geochemical and geochronogical evidence from Göksun–Afşin (Kahramanmaraş, Turkey) region

In southeast Anatolia, there are number of tectonomagmatic units in the Kahramanmaraş–Malatya–Elazığ region that are important in understanding the geological evolution of the southeast Anatolian orogenic belt during the Late Cretaceous. These are (a) metamorphic massifs, (b) ophiolites, (c) ophiolite-related metamorphics and (d) granitoids. The granitoids (i.e. Göksun–Afşin in Kahramanmaraş, Doğanşehir in Malatya and Baskil in Elazığ) intrude all the former units in a NE–SW trending direction. The granitoid in Göksun–Afşin (Kahramanmaraş) region is mainly composed of granodioritic and granitic in composition. The granodiorite contains a number of amphibole-bearing mafic microgranular enclaves of different sizes, whereas the granite is intruded by numerous aplitic dikes. The granitoid rocks have typical calcalkaline geochemical features. The REE- and Ocean ridge granite-normalized multi-element patterns and tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams, as well as biotite geochemistry suggest that the granitoids were formed in a volcanic arc setting. The K–Ar geochronology of the granitoid rocks yielded ages ranging from 85.76±3.17 to 77.49±1.91 Ma. The field, geochemical and geochronological data suggest the following Late Cretaceous tectonomagmatic scenario for southeast Anatolia. The ophiolites were formed in a suprasubduction zone tectonic setting whereas the ophiolite-related metamorphic rocks formed either during the initiation of intraoceanic subduction or late-thrusting (∼90 Ma). These units were then overthrust by the Malatya–Keban platform during the progressive elimination of the southern Neotethys. Thrusting of the Malatya–Keban platform over the ophiolites and related metamorphic rocks was followed by the intrusion of the granitoids (88–85 Ma) along the Tauride active continental margin in the southern Neotethys.     

Timing and geochemical characters of the Sanchazi magmatic arc in Mianlüe tectonic zone, South Qinling

The Sanchazi mafic-ultramafic complex in Mianlue tectonic zone, South Qinling can be subdivided into two blocks, i.e. Sanchazi paleo-magmatic arc and Zhuangkegou paleo-oceanic crust fragment (ophiolite). The Sanchazi paleo-magmatic arc is mainly composed of andesite, basaltic and basalt-andesitic gabbro (or diorite), andesitic dyke, plagiogranite and minor ultramafic rocks, which have typical geochemical features of island arc volcanic rocks, such as high field strength element (e.g. Nb, Ti) depletions and lower Cr, Ni contents. The Light rare earth element (LREE) and K enrichments of these rocks and zircon xenocrystals of 900 Ma from plagiogranite suggest that this magmatic arc was developed on the South active continental margin of the South Qinling micro-continent. The U-Pb age of (300 ± 61)Ma for zircons from plagiogranite indicates that the Mianlue paleo-oceanic crust was probably subducted underneath the South Qinling micro-continent in Carboniferous. This is consistent with the formation time (309Ma) of the Huwan eclogite originating from oceanic subduction in Dabie Mountains, suggesting that the Mianlue paleo-ocean probably extended eastward to the Dabie Mountains in Carboniferous. The high-Mg adakitic rocks in Sanchazi paleo-magmatic arc suggest that the subducted oceanic crust was relatively young (＜25Ma) and hot.     

内蒙古索伦山地区哈尔博格托尔TTG岩锆石年代学、岩石地球化学及大地构造意义

内蒙古索伦山地区是中亚造山带构造演化的关键区域,其中关于古亚洲洋的闭合时限以及西伯利亚板块和华北板块的拼贴时空关系一直存在争议。出露于内蒙古索伦山地区哈尔博格托尔的中酸性侵入岩,其深入研究对探讨古亚洲洋演化具有重要意义。文中对内蒙古索伦山地区哈尔博格托尔TTG岩进行了系统的岩石学、年代学及地球化学研究。获得哈尔博格托尔TTG岩的LA ICP MS锆石U Pb年龄为(266.7±3.7) Ma,表明该侵入岩形成于中二叠世。地球化学主量元素分析表明,索伦山地区哈尔博格托尔TTG岩的岩石系列主要为含钠较高的钙碱性准铝质系列。其稀土元素总量较低,呈现轻稀土元素(LREEs)相对于重稀土元素(HREEs)弱富集的特征,Eu异常不明显;微量元素呈现Rb、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素富集,Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素强烈亏损的特征,与典型的岛弧岩浆岩类似。结合索伦山TTG岩体地质特征和区域地质背景,综合年代学和地球化学特征分析,笔者认为索伦山地区哈尔博格托尔TTG岩体形成于岛弧环境,即中二叠世期间古亚洲洋壳向华北板块还存在俯冲作用,因而古亚洲洋至少应在中二叠世以后才闭合。内蒙古索伦山地区哈尔博格托尔TTG岩是洋壳俯冲的岩石学记录,为索伦山缝合带及古亚洲洋构造域演化提供了新的基础地质资料。     

西秦岭关家沟组地层时代、物源及其构造响应

在西秦岭关家沟组贾昌沟砂板岩所夹的硅质岩层中发现晚石炭世和晚二叠世的古生物化石;在关家沟组砾岩中所采的花岗质和火山质砾石,利用氩-氩(40Ar/39Ar)法测年所获得的年龄为晚三叠世。对关家沟组物源及其古水流分析,其古水流方向230°~356°,其物源主要来自南东侧活动大陆边缘的碧口岛弧,且秦岭全面碰撞造山期为早中生代。由此,初步推测关家沟组形成时代可能与秦岭全面碰撞造山为同期——早中生代。     

山西五台群变质砂岩的物源和构造环境

华北克拉通中北部五台杂岩中出露一套变质砂岩,归属于上太古界五台群,其物质来源和构造环境分析对理解本区新太古代末期的地壳演化具有重要意义.该变质砂岩主要由石英、长石和粘土质胶结物组成,岩相学特征显示为杂砂岩,利用主量、微量元素判别的结果与岩相学观察一致.岩石地球化学分析结果显示,样品的SiO2含量变化较大(64.51％～...     

Constraints from Thorium/Lanthanum on Sediment Recycling at Subduction Zones and the Evolution of the Continents

Arc magmas and the continental crust share many chemical features,but a major question remains as to whether these features arecreated by subduction or are recycled from subducting sediment.This question is explored here using Th/La, which is low inoceanic basalts (<0·2), elevated in the continents(>0·25) and varies in arc basalts and marine sediments(0·09–0·34). Volcanic arcs form linear mixingarrays between mantle and sediment in plots of Th/La vs Sm/La.The mantle end-member for different arcs varies between highlydepleted and enriched compositions. The sedimentary end-memberis typically the same as local trench sediment. Thus, arc magmasinherit their Th/La from subducting sediment and high Th/Lais not newly created during subduction (or by intraplate, adakiteor Archaean magmatism). Instead, there is a large fractionationin Th/La within the continental crust, caused by the preferentialpartitioning of La over Th in mafic and accessory minerals.These observations suggest a mechanism of ‘fractionation& foundering’, whereby continents differentiate intoa granitic upper crust and restite-cumulate lower crust, whichperiodically founders into the mantle. The bulk continentalcrust can reach its current elevated Th/La if arc crust differentiatesand loses 25–60% of its mafic residues to foundering. KEY WORDS: arc magmatism; continental crust; delamination; thorium; sediment subduction     

伊通县放牛沟地区早古生代岩浆演化特征及其与矿产关系

伊通县放牛沟早古生代岩浆活动较为强烈,其发展演化与放牛沟多金属硫化物矿床关系极为密切。岩浆活动特点是先喷发后侵入,先期形成钙碱系列的火山—沉积岩系,后期为Ⅰ型中酸性岩浆侵入。该矿床既有火山沉积特征,又有后期岩浆热动力改造特点,其形成受控于岛弧构造环境、火山活动形成的矿源层、后期热动力改造等因素。     

Geochemistry and Crustal Evolution of Volcano-sedimentary Successions and Orthogneisses in the São Gabriel Block, Southernmost Brazil — Relics of Neoproterozoic Magmatic Arcs

Precambrian metaplutonic rocks of the São Gabriel block in southernmost Brazil comprise juvenile Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline gneisses (Cambaí Complex). The connection with associated (ultra-)mafic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks (Palma Group) is not well established. The whole complex was deformed during the Brasiliano orogenic cycle. Both metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks as well as metaplutonic rocks of the Cambaí Complex have been sampled for geochemical analyses in order to get constraints on the tectonic setting of these rocks and to establish a tectonic model for the São Gabriel block and its role during the assembly of West-Gondwana. The major element compositions of the igneous rocks (Palma Group and Cambaí Complex) indicate a subalkaline character; most orthogneisses have a calc-alkaline chemistry; many metavolcanic rocks of the Palma Group show signatures of low-K tholeiitic volcanic arc basalts. Trace element data, especially Ti, Zr, Y, Nb, of most igneous samples from both the lower Palma Group and the Cambaí Complex indicate origin at plate margins, i.e., in a subduction zone environment. This is corroborated by relative enrichment in LREE, low contents of Nb and other high field strength elements and enrichment in LILE like Rb, Ba, and Th. The data indicate the possible existence of two suites, an oceanic island arc and a continental arc or active continental margin. However, some ultramafic samples of the lower Palma Group in the western São Gabriel block indicate the existence of another volcanic suite with intra-plate character which possibly represents relics of oceanic island basalts (OIB). Trace element data indicate contributions from andesitic to mixed felsic and basic arc sources for the metasedimentary rocks. The patterns of chondrite- and N-MORB-normalized spider diagrams resemble the patterns of the igneous rocks, i.e., LILE and LREE enrichment and HFS depletion. The geochemical signatures of most igneous and metasedimentary samples and their low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_t ratios suggest only minor contribution of old continental crust.A geotectonic model for the São Gabriel block comprises east-ward subduction and following accretion of an intra-oceanic island arc to the eastern border of the Rio de la Plata Craton at ca. 880 Ma, and westward subduction beneath the newly formed active continental margin between ca. 750 and 700 Ma. The São Gabriel block represents relics of an early Brasiliano oceanic basin between the Rio de la Plata and Kalahari Cratons. This ocean to the east of the Rio de la Plata Craton might be traced to the north and could possibly be linked with Neoproterozoic juvenile oceanic crust in the western Brasília belt (Goiás magmatic arc).     

Geology and Lead–Sulphur Isotope Compositions of the Tongyu Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulphide Copper Deposit in the Western Part of the North Qinling Orogen, China

The Tongyu copper deposit, located in the western part of the North Qinling Orogen, China, is one of several volcanic-hosted massive sulphide(VHMS) deposits with industrial value and is also a typical example of mineralization related to the subduction and metallogenesis during the Caledonian orogeny. We conducted systematic lead-sulphur isotope geochemical analyses of the Tongyu deposit to understand the possible ore-forming material sources and tectonic settings. Twenty-six sulphide samples yielded clustered δ~(34)S_(CDT) values of 1.13‰-3.36‰, average 2.22‰, and show a tower-type distribution,implying that the sulphur of the Tongyu copper deposit mainly originated from a mantle source. The Pb isotope compositions of sulphides(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb = 17.59225-18.56354, average 18.32020; ~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb =15.51770-15.69381, average 15.66217; ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb= 37.99969-39.06953, average 38.52722) are close to the values of the volcanic host rocks(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb= 18.10678-18.26293, average 18.21158; ~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb =15.63196-15.68188, average 15.65345; ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb= 38.43676-38.56360, average 38.49171), thus consistent with the Pb in ores and volcanic host rocks having been derived from a common source that was island-arc Pb related to oceanic crust subduction. The northward subduction of the Palaeo-Qinling oceanic crust triggered dehydration of the slab, which generated a large amount of high-oxygen-fugacity aqueous hydrothermal fluid. The fluid rose into the mantle wedge, activated and extracted metallogenic material and promoted partial melting of the mantle wedge. The magma and ore-forming fluid welled up and precipitated, finally forming the Tongyu VHMS copper deposit.     

萨吾尔山松树沟地层形成时代及火山岩地球化学研究

西准噶尔松树沟地区地层主要由碎屑沉积岩和火山岩组成,以玄武岩、安山岩和火山碎屑岩为主,其中玄武岩属于钙碱性系列,安山岩属于拉斑系列。对岩石中锆石开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,安山岩锆石年龄表明其形成于(317.1±6.4)Ma,粗砂岩56颗锆石中仅有1颗锆石年龄((389±9)Ma)属于中泥盆世,其余主要集中在319~359 Ma,最小年龄(319±6)Ma。因此,该套地层并非形成于中泥盆世,很可能形成于晚石炭世早期。地球化学研究表明,玄武岩和安山岩具有相似的稀土配分曲线,轻稀土富集的右倾REE分配模式,富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Sr等,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Th、Zr、Hf等,呈现出Ta、Nb、Ti负异常,认为该火山岩形成于岛弧环境,岩浆来源于俯冲板片脱水产生的流体不均一交代的地幔楔。该套岛弧火山岩的形成时代限定了斋桑洋盆的关闭时限(晚于317.1 Ma)。