Incorporating Māori values into land management decision tools

ABSTRACT

Environmental sustainability and the long-term wellbeing of Māori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) are interdependent and degradation of landscapes risks the progressive degradation of Māori wellbeing. The present study developed an analysis framework based on Ki Uta Ki Tai (holistic-mountains to the sea- management philosophy advocated by Ngāi Tahu) for exploring relationships between landcover and Māori values to enable predictions of cultural values through space and time. We used this framework to predict how two Māori values (Overall Health and Cultural Land Use) have been altered as a result of landcover change between 2001–2012 in three Canterbury catchments. The area of native vegetation declined while exotic pasture increased between 2001–2012, and there were corresponding declines in both cultural health scores. These results suggest that the change in landcover has reduced the ability of the landscape to support Māori values. This framework for assessing changes in Māori values with respect to changing environmental conditions may identify opportunities for Māori to better engage in land use management decisions.     

南海地球物理场特征及基底断裂体系研究

南海海域主体可划分为南海北缘、中西沙、南沙南海海盆四块，各块具有明显不同的重磁场特征。反演得到的莫霍面总体趋势由陆向洋抬升，反映陆壳、拉伸陆壳、过渡壳、洋壳的分布。东沙高磁异常含一定的高频成份，与新生代玄武岩及中生代岩浆岩有关，而其低频成份可能反映了发育的下地壳高速层，南海海域断裂极为发育，可分为北东向断裂组、东西向断裂组、北西向断裂组和南北向断裂组，南海北缘、南缘均以北东向张性断裂与北西向张剪性、剪性断裂为主要格架，形成了、南北分带、东西分块”构造格局。     

地球物理技术在我国考古和文物保护工作中的应用

20世纪80年代以来，我国考古及文物保护工作者和地球物理工作者越来越认识到地球物理技术在考古和方物保护方面可以发挥作用，在古幕探查、大型古建筑地下遗存现状、古遗迹断代等方面，地球物理技术都找到了发挥作用的机会，本文通过地球物理技术在云冈石窟、龙门石窟、克孜尔石窟、北京故宫紫禁城、嵩岳寺塔、古泗州城遗址、风阳明中都等的物理探查实例，以及查找古幕、古遗迹断代等方面的工作，介绍了我国在考古和文物保护领域应用地球物理技术的进展，并指出了物探在用于考古和文保时的特点和展望。     

TEM和纵向四极测深探测管网研究

各种地球物理探测方法均有其应用上的优势。联合应用脉冲瞬变电磁法（TEM）和纵向四极测深法各自的方法技术特点，解决工程勘察中超浅层的管网分布与定位问题：TEM进行场地普查，而纵向四极测深进行准确定位。实践证明，TEM和纵向四极测深联合应用是管网探测快速、经济且有效的手段，在工程勘察领域中具有广阔的应用前景。     

工程物探方法在浅海域地质调查中的应用

通过对浅层地震、浅地层剖面、旁侧声纳、海磁等近几年应用较广的物探方法及其工程实例介绍，指出物探方法在浅海域地质调查中的优点及不足。     

Characterization of hydrogeologic properties for a multi-layered alluvial aquifer using hydraulic and tracer tests and electrical resistivity survey

A multi-layered aquifer, typical of riverbank alluvial deposits in Korea, was studied to determine the hydrologic properties. The geologic logging showed that the subsurface of the study site was comprised of four distinctive hydrogeologic units: silt, sand, highly weathered and fresh bedrock layers. The electrical resistivity survey supplied information on lateral extension of hydrogeologic strata only partially identified by a limited number of the geologic loggings. The laboratory column tracer test for the recovered core of the sand layer resulted in a hydraulic conductivity of 5.00×10⁻² cm/s. The slug tests performed in the weathered rock layer yielded hydraulic conductivities of 4.32–7.72×10⁻⁴ cm/s. Hydraulic conductivities for the sand layer calculated from the breakthrough curves of bromide ranged between 2.08×10⁻³ and 2.44×10⁻² cm/s with a geometric mean of 6.89×10⁻³ cm/s, which is 7 times smaller than that from the laboratory column experiment. The trend of increasing hydraulic conductivity with an increase in tracer travel length is likely a result of the increased likelihood of encountering a high conductivity zone as more of the aquifer is tested. The combined hydrogeologic site characterization using hydraulic tests, tracer tests, and column test with geologic loggings and geophysical survey greatly enhanced the understanding of the hydrologic properties of the multi-layered alluvial aquifer.     

提高复杂地层取心质量的新型钻具

地质勘探钻进的主要任务是可靠准确地获取有代表性的地层岩芯样品,然而,在复杂地层中,现有的钻探方法很难获得有代表性的高质量岩芯样品.本文介绍了一种双管强制取芯新型钻具.论述了其工作机理,对其关键机构的设计进行了分析探讨,并归纳出新型钻具的主要技术特征,生产试验表明,该新型钻具能够显著提高复杂地层的取芯质量,应用前景广泛.     

干旱区生态学研究中若干问题的思考

在分析目前干旱区生态学研究存在的主要问题的基础上,对未来干旱区生态学研究的核心、尺度和研究手段选择等问题进行了探讨,最后就干旱区生态学研究几个值得关注的研究领域进行了阐述。作者认为,干旱区生态学研究的核心应该是绿洲,从管理实践的角度,干旱区的生态学研究尺度应该是湖泊流域,而非以前被广泛采纳的河流流域。在干旱区生态学研究的手段上,随着高清晰度商业化遥感卫星的应用,结合过去的传统方法,与GIS和RS相结合的遥感手段应该是今后生态学研究所依赖的主要手段。而早春短命植物层片与短命动物研究、干旱区的城市森林建设、干旱区民族生态学与人地关系研究、生态用水的深化研究、绿洲景观生态过程及其规划实践研究等,应该是在不偏废过去研究工作的基础上,值得在未来关注的研究领域。     

湖南大地构造单元划分及其地球物理场特征

不同大地构造单元,具有不同的地球物理场特征,这些特征,显然是划分不同构造单元的准则之一。湖南大地构造分区的焦点,是江南地轴的归属问题,本文根据地震和重磁资料等,论述了它隶属于扬子准地台的合理性。指出省内两个一级构造单元的分界应在江南地轴东南缘,其南西段与传统界线一致,北东段有重大改变,应将衡阳盆地和浏阳隆起包容到江南地轴区。最后,本文突出地球物理场特征,在前人工作的基础上对我省Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级构造单元进行了划分。