Zircon ages of high-grade gneisses in the Eastern Erzgebirge (Central European Variscides)—constraints on origin of the rocks and Precambrian to Ordovician magmatic events in the Variscan foldbelt

This study is an attempt to unravel the tectono-metamorphic history of high-grade metamorphic rocks in the Eastern Erzgebirge region. Metamorphism has strongly disturbed the primary petrological genetic characteristics of the rocks. We compare geological, geochemical, and petrological data, and zircon populations as well as isotope and geochronological data for the major gneiss units of the Eastern Erzgebirge; (1) coarse- to medium-grained “Inner Grey Gneiss”, (2) fine-grained “Outer Grey Gneiss”, and (3) “Red Gneiss”. The Inner and Outer Grey Gneiss units (MP–MT overprinted) have very similar geochemical and mineralogical compositions, but they contain different zircon populations. The Inner Grey Gneiss is found to be of primary igneous origin as documented by the presence of long-prismatic, oscillatory zoned zircons (540 Ma) and relics of granitic textures. Geochemical and isotope data classify the igneous precursor as a S-type granite. In contrast, Outer Grey Gneiss samples are free of long-prismatic zircons and contain zircons with signs of mechanical rounding through sedimentary transport. Geochemical data indicate greywackes as main previous precursor. The most euhedral zircons are zoned and document Neoproterozoic (ca. 575 Ma) source rocks eroded to form these greywackes. U–Pb-SHRIMP measurements revealed three further ancient sources, which zircons survived in both the Inner and Outer Grey Gneiss: Neoproterozoic (600–700 Ma), Paleoproterozoic (2100–2200 Ma), and Archaean (2700–2800 Ma). These results point to absence of Grenvillian type sources and derivation of the crust from the West African Craton. The granite magma of the Inner Grey Gneiss was probably derived through in situ melting of the Outer Grey Gneiss sedimentary protolith as indicated by geological relationships, similar geochemical composition, similar Nd model ages, and inherited zircon ages. Red Gneiss occurs as separate bodies within fine- and medium-grained grey gneisses of the gneiss–eclogite zone (HP–HT overprinted). In comparison to Grey Gneisses, the Red Gneiss clearly differs in geochemical composition by lower contents of refractory elements. Rocks contain long-prismatic zircons (480–500 Ma) with oscillatory zonation indicating an igneous precursor for Red Gneiss protoliths. Geochemical data display obvious characteristics of S-type granites derived through partial melting from deeper crustal source rocks. The obtained time marks of magmatic activity (ca. 575 Ma, ca. 540 Ma, ca. 500–480 Ma) of the Eastern Erzgebirge are compared with adjacent units of the Saxothuringian zone. In all these units, similar time marks and geochemical pattern of igneous rocks prove a similar tectono-metamorphic evolution during Neoproterozoic–Ordovician time.     

大青山-乌拉山变质杂岩带大南沟地区含榴尖晶黑云钾长片麻岩成因及其形成的P-T条件

大南沟贫硅的含榴尖晶黑云钾长片麻岩出露于华北克拉通西北部大青山-乌拉山变质杂岩带(孔兹岩带)中,主要以大小不等的透镜状和互层状产于石榴长英质粒状岩石和石榴堇青夕线黑云二长片麻岩中.本文通过岩相学、变质反应、成因矿物学、矿物化学以及相平衡模拟的综合研究,揭示合榴尖晶黑云钾长片麻岩的成因机制及其形成的P-T条件.研究表明,大南沟含榴尖晶黑云钾长片麻岩内尖晶石的Zn含量极低(XZn=Zn/(Fe2+Mg+ Zn)＜0.006).含尖晶石的后成合晶微域反映峰后退变条件下局部的再平衡过程,其中石榴石分解形成的钾长石+尖晶石±斜长石后成合晶是由Grt+ Sil+ Melt→Kfs+Spl+ Pl反应形成的.而细粒尖晶石-刚玉-磁铁矿矿物组合及相应的退变结构是在晚期降温和氧化作用下,通过反应Splss+O2→Spl+ Mag+ Crn分解形成的.相平衡模拟结果表明含榴尖晶黑云钾长片麻岩峰期矿物组合为Bt+ Grt+ Spl+ Mag+ Sil+Kfs +P1+ Liq,稳定的温压条件在830～ 870℃和8.3～8.6kb,位于夕线石的稳定域.     

柴北缘野马滩超高压榴辉岩中副片麻岩夹层的锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

榴辉岩与围岩的变质程度和变质年龄研究是超高压竞质地体形成机制研究的关键.已有研究表明,柴北缘野马滩榴辉岩和围岩副片麻岩共同经历了超高压变质作用,榴辉岩的变质年龄为458±7Ma,但有关副片麻岩的变质时代存在争议,从而制约了本区超高压变质地体形成机制的讨论.本文选择新发现的野马滩超高压榴辉岩中的副片麻岩夹层进行详细的年代学和地球化学研究.锆石的阴极发光图象显示所选锆石具有清晰的核.边结构,为典型的变质碎屑锆石特征.LA-ICP-MS定年方法获得锆石核部原岩形成年龄为大于1000Ma,边部变质事件年龄为458±6Ma.该年龄与紧邻的超高压榴辉岩的变质年龄一致,指示二者形成于同一地质事件.岩石地球化学研究表明,片麻岩的原岩为形成于陆缘环境的含泥硅质岩.综合榴辉岩与片麻岩原岩形成构造背景、变质程度及产状关系,提出野马滩榴辉岩与围岩属"原地"关系,可能形成于陆壳的深俯冲作用.     

Age and geotectonic setting of Late Neoproterozoic juvenile mafic gneisses and associated paragneisses from the Ribeira belt (SE Brazil) based on geochemistry and Sm–Nd data — Implications on Gondwana assembly

Mafic gneisses and associated paragneisses from the Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain in the southeastern part of the Ribeira Belt, along the coast of Rio de Janeiro State in southeast Brazil, were subjected to a geochemical and Sm–Nd isotope study. Four lithotypes are distinguished: aluminous paragneisses (mainly sillimanite–kyanite–garnet–biotite gneiss), calcsilicate lenses, quartzo–feldspathic metasedimentary gneisses and mafic–ultramafic lenses. The whole-rock major and trace, including rare earth element distributions in the mafic–ultramafic intercalations indicate that derivation from subalkaline basalt/gabbro of tholeiitic affinity with E-MORB signature from a non-subduction environment. These mafic rocks have positive ε_Nd(t) and T_DM of 1.1 Ga. The metasedimentary rocks have negative ε_Nd(t) and T_DM of 1.7 Ga. A Sm–Nd whole rock isochron of mafic rocks yielded an age of 604 ± 38 Ma for the crystallization. This matches with the age of some detrital zircon grains from the paragneisses. The depositional basin, named Buzios–Palmital, was active at least until 620 Ma (age of the youngest detrital zircon) and was subsequently deformed and metamorphosed at ca. 525 Ma (age of metamorphic zircons) during the Buzios Orogeny. It is interpreted as a back arc basin with relation to the 630 Ma magmatic arc of the Oriental Terrane in the Ribeira Belt to the NW. However, after 600 Ma, the Buzios–Palmital basin changed to an active margin setting because the arc collided with the continental margin and the subduction shifted to the back arc environment. By 610 Ma, most of the Brasiliano belts registered collisional events related to multiple convergent blocks. The stress fields and paleocontinent shapes would have allowed the occurrence of extensional areas with not only sedimentary deposition but also ocean floor spreading. Its remnants are preserved in this Brazilian coastal region as an ancient suture, reworked intensively during the Mesozoic rifting events. The reconnaissance of Late Neoproterozoic basins in the Brasiliano–Pan-African belts is of major importance to partially unravel the final amalgamation events of SW Gondwana. Considering that the Buzios–Palmital basin rock units are mostly covered by the marginal Atlantic basins, it is possible that other evidence could be preserved in the coastal regions of SW-Africa and SE-South America.     

柴北缘超高压变质带的新元古代变质作用——来自锡铁山副片麻岩的岩石学及独居石年代学证据

同一造山带中所包含的多期造山作用信息是研究不同时代区域构造演化的重要依据,对理解不同时期造山过程中岩石组合及其地球化学演化有重要的指示意义。但由于晚期造山作用往往会部分或者完全抹除岩石中保存的早期造山作用信息,使得对记录多期造山作用的岩石中早期造山带变质作用及年代学信息的研究变得十分困难。独居石为一种副变质岩中的常见副矿物,由于其具有很高的U-Th-Pb体系封闭温度和对流体及变质温压条件的敏感性,使其可以记录多期造山过程中丰富的年代学信息。电子探针独居石原位化学定年方法使得年代学信息与岩石中矿物学信息及变质反应相联系,从而得到不同时期岩石记录的P-T-t轨迹。我们利用独居石电子探针原位U-Th-Pb定年手段与岩石学研究相结合的方法,在柴北缘早古生代加里东期超高压变质带锡铁山地区的含石榴石蓝晶石/夕线石黑云斜长片麻岩基质矿物及石榴石变斑晶的独居石中获得886±18Ma格林威尔期的年龄等时线。独居石稀土元素配分特征与新元古代变质独居石相吻合。通过传统矿物对温压计计算得到格林威尔期现存矿物组合记录了高角闪岩相变质温压条件607~727℃,6.5~10.0kbar,略高于区内记录古生代变质作用的副片麻岩。与记录古生代加里东期变质年龄的副片麻岩相比,格林威尔期副片麻岩在微量元素地球化学上具有高的稀土总量和明显的Eu的负异常特点(Eu/Eu*=0.50),并相应的亏损Ba、Sr元素,表现出活动大陆边缘沉积岩的地球化学特征。结合全球格林威尔期造山事件及罗迪尼亚超大陆的形成及裂解过程,我们认为柴北缘地区在新元古代时期应为与罗迪尼亚超大陆形成有关的活动大陆边缘地区。     

东昆仑东段温泉地区片麻岩记录的岩浆和变质事件:锆石U-Pb年代学证据

本文采用LA-ICP-MS方法对东昆仑东端温泉地区含榴辉岩的副片麻岩和花岗片麻岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学研究。副片麻岩中锆石的年龄范围为2400~430Ma,峰值范围为2000~1200Ma,其中检测出少量新元古代(1.0~0.9Ga)和早古生代(430Ma)的变质锆石,进一步限定了原岩的最早沉积时代为中元古代末期-新元古代早期(Pt_(2-3)),指示该沉积岩经历了新元古代早期和志留纪的变质作用。花岗片麻岩的原岩时代为900Ma,1件样品的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-7.0~+5.5,多数为负值,单阶段亏损地幔模式年龄为1.83~1.25Ga,指示它们主要是古老地壳(可能为金水口岩群变沉积岩)熔融的产物。新元古代早期的岩浆-变质事件与全球Rodinia超大陆的形成有关。虽然副片麻岩锆石只给出少量早古生代志留纪变质的信息,考虑到片麻岩中的榴辉岩形成于早古生代(450~430Ma)及邻区柴北缘高压-超高压变质带的演化历史,推测该地区片麻岩也经历了早古生代榴辉岩相变质作用,片麻岩与榴辉岩为原地关系。根据柴达木盆地南北两侧相似的早期构造演化可以推测柴达木盆地基底演化与其类似,至少经历了新元古代和早古生代两期构造活动,并非是元古代以来的稳定克拉通。     

硅酸盐岩中微量碳酸盐的碳氧同位素分析及其地球化学应用

硅酸盐岩中总是或多或少地含有一些微量碳酸盐，但是至今尚未对其碳氧同位素地球化学开展研究。本文建立了对硅酸盐岩中微量碳酸盐的碳氧同位素分析方法，并以大别山双河地区两种片麻岩为例，讨论了其地球化学应用。通过对比实验证明，微量法通常可将碳含量检出限降低至5μg/g。对大别山双河两种片麻岩中微量碳酸盐的碳氧同位素测量发现，黑云母副片麻与花岗质正片麻岩具有明显不同的特征。副片麻岩的碳含量较高，δ^13值为－4．5‰－0‰，批示其原岩为正常海相沉积环境，并与邻近大理岩原岩的灰岩沉积环境不同。正片麻岩的碳含量较低，δ^13值为－23．4‰－－2．1‰，反映出地表有机碳对岩浆岩原岩的混染。两种片麻岩中碳酸盐与硅酸盐全岩之间的氧同位素分馏既仍处于平衡状态，也有处于不平衡状态。不平衡分馏指示其受到过后期退变质流体的影响。不过，变质岩中微量碳酸盐的碳含量和碳机位素比值分析能够对原岩类型提供有效的区别。     

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔0～2000米斜长片麻岩的地球化学性质及成因研究

在苏鲁-大别山造山带内,黑云斜长片麻岩习惯被称为副片麻岩,它也是中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔岩芯中一种重要岩石类型,不仅构成了孔深738-1113m之间斜长片麻岩岩性段的主体,在其它岩性段也有少量以“夹层”的形式产出。其中除少数斜长片麻岩可能是由榴辉岩经斜长角闪岩退变而来或由含泥质的沉积岩变质而来外,绝大多数斜长片麻岩的地球化学特征与现残存的扬子地台北缘晚元古代双峰式火山岩的酸性端元非常相似,指示它们的原岩可能类似于这些酸性火山碎屑岩-凝灰岩。斜长片麻岩中不同元素之间的相关性差别很大,这主要与超高压变质及随后的退变质过程中元素间活性的差异有关。其中SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、FeO、CaO、Cr、Ni、V、Co、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sc等与MgO具明显相关性,它们与MgO一样属不活泼元素。重稀土元素及Y也属于不活泼元素。而K2O、Pb、Rb、Ba、U、Th等大离子亲石元素与MgO之间没有任何相关性,这些元素属活泼元素。Na2O、Sr、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等则介于两类之间,可视为准不活泼元素。LREE虽然有一定的活性,但即使是超高压变质作用,也没有从根本上改变稀土元素的分配模式,仍可有效地应用于对原岩性质的恢复。对比研究表明,斜长片麻岩与花岗片麻岩在地球化学性质上存在着明显的差异,其中前者的MgO、TiO2、CaO以及过渡元素的含量明显偏高,尤以低的K2O/Na2O和Rb/Sr比而明显不同于花岗片麻岩。此外,与花岗片麻岩强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.21-0.26)和Ba负异常不同,斜长片麻岩中Eu负异常的程度相对较弱(8Eu大于0.5),且总体表现为Ba正异常。绝大多数“副片麻岩”和花岗片麻岩(>90%)可以根据全岩的地球化学特征加以有效区分。     

Mineral inclusions in zircons of para- and orthogneiss from pre-pilot drillhole CCSD-PP1, Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project

The pre-pilot drillhole CCSD-PP1, Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD), with depth of 432 m, is located in the Donghai area in the southwestern Sulu terrane. The core samples are mainly comprised of paragneiss, orthogneiss and ultramafic rock with minor intercalated layers of eclogite and phengite-bearing kyanite quartzite. All analyzed paragneiss and orthogneiss samples were overprinted on amphibolite facies retrograde metamorphism. Coesite and coesite-bearing ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) mineral assemblages were identified by Raman spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis as inclusions in zircons separated from paragneiss, eclogite and phengite-bearing kyanite quartzite samples. In the paragneiss samples, UHP mineral inclusion assemblages mainly consist of Coe+Omp+Grt+Phe, Coe+Jd+Phe+Ap preserved in the mantles (M) and rims (R) of zircons. These UHP mineral inclusion assemblages yield temperatures of 814–852 °C and pressures of ≥28 kbar, presenting the P–T condition of UHP peak metamorphism of these country rocks. According to the mineral inclusions and cathodoluminescence images of zircons, the orthogneisses can be divided into two types: UHP (OG1) and non-UHP (OG2). In OG1 orthogneisses, low-pressure mineral inclusion assemblage, mainly consisting of Qtz+Phe+Ab+Ksp+Ap, were identified in zircon cores (C), while coesite or coesite-bearing UHP mineral inclusions were identified in the mantles (M) and rims (R) of the same zircons. These features suggest that the OG1 orthogneisses, together with the paragneisses, phengite-bearing kyanite quartzite and eclogite experienced widespread UHP metamorphism in the Sulu terrane. However, in the zircons of OG2 orthogneiss samples, no UHP mineral inclusions were found. Inclusions mainly comprised Qtz+Phe+Ap and were identified in cores (C), mantles (M) and rims (R) of OG2 zircons; the cathdoluminescence images of all analyzed zircons showed clear zonings from cores to rims. These features indicate that the OG2 orthogneisses in pre-pilot drillhole CCSD-PP1 did not experience UHP metamorphism. Therefore, we should not rule out the possibility that some orthogneisses in Sulu terrane might represent relatively low-pressure granitic intrusives emplaced after the UHP event.     

New constraints on metamorphism in the Rauer Group, Prydz Bay, east Antarctica

Abstract Granulite facies metapelites of the Mather and Filla Paragneisses within the Rauer Group, east Antarctica, possess markedly different compositions. The metamorphic evolution of the two metapelite types has been interpreted as temporally distinct, with the Rauer Group preserving at least two distinct granulite facies tectonothermal episodes. Calculated P–T pseudosections and orthopyroxene Al content indicate the revised maximum‐preserved P–T conditions within the Mather Paragneiss to lie in the vicinity of 950–975 °C and 10–10.6 kbar, less extreme than previous estimates. The range of possible P–T paths for the Mather Paragneiss consistent with mineral textural relationships and pseudosections contoured for mineral proportion are significantly shallower (dP/dT) than previous estimates. A near‐isothermal decompression P–T path, and extreme peak metamorphic conditions, are not necessary to explain the development of preserved mineral reaction textures. The Filla Paragneiss contains pelitic assemblages less amenable to rigorous quantitative analysis. Nevertheless, possibilities for the shared or otherwise metamorphic evolution of the Mather and Filla Paragneisses may be postulated on the basis of calculated pseudosections in the context of existing geochronology for the Rauer Group and preserved microstructures. A shared evolution, most likely during Pan‐African granulite facies metamorphism, is plausible and consistent with mineral assemblage development, geochronology and microstructures. A revised interpretation of the Rauer Group's preserved metamorphic evolution may warrant the revision of existing tectonic models, applicable also to the remainder of Prydz Bay. More generally, the employed approach may incite a revision of peak P–T and P–T paths in other granulite facies terranes.