海底天然气水合物分解与甲烷归宿研究进展

综述了近年来天然气水合物分解与甲烷归宿等方面的研究成果。天然气水合物的汇聚与地质构造或地层圈闭有关,其溶解受物质转换控制,分解则受热转换控制。水合物释放甲烷的运移方式包括分散式、中心式和大规模排放式。缺氧氧化和耗氧氧化是甲烷在海洋环境中的2种主要转化方式。天然气水合物释放甲烷的最终归宿主要为：①重新形成天然气水合物;②形成化能自养生物群落和沉淀出碳酸盐沉积;③与氧发生氧化后转变为CO2;④直接排放进入到大气中。沉积物中的微构造、化能自养生物群落、自生碳酸盐矿物及其碳氧同位素组成是水合物释放事件的指纹记录。     

The Mechanisms of Soil Regulating Nitrogen Dynamics

In recent decades, the amount of reactive nitrogen (N) has rapidly increased. While the reactive N, mainly chemical N fertilizers, meet food and economic development demands, it has also caused many environmental problems. Now, there are the triple challenges of food security, environmental degradation and climate change for the world due to the rapid increase of reactive N. Most of reactive N has been input to soil firstly, which would export to hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere after transformed as different N forms through various N transformation processes. Thus, soil N transformations play very important role in regulating the fate of soil N. In this article, we review the methods determining the rates of soil N transformations, and clarify the role of soil gross N transformations to regulating soil N dynamics and its mechanisms. Our results suggest that the coupling of soil N transformation with climate and plant species-specific N preferences play important role in optimize N use efficiencies in agricultural production. However, scientists usually just qualitatively discuss the feedbacks and its mechanisms between plants and soil N transformations, due to the limitation of research methods. The quantitative investigation on the effects of these feedbacks on soil gross N transformations is of important significances to understand the feedback and its mechanisms between plants and soil N transformations, to optimize N fertilization, and to make N pollution control countermeasures and so on.