Giant bow shock pairs associated with herbig-haro jets

Two pairs of giant (linear size 1 pc) bow shock structures have been discovered, each located symmetrically about HH 1/2 and HH 124. Their Herbig-Haro (HH) natures have been confirmed by narrow band CCD imaging on and off [SII] 6717/6731 and/or slit spectroscopy. Multiple bow shocks are known associated with a few HH objects such as HH 34, and are interpreted as evidence for recurrent outflow activity of the exciting sources. The giant bow shocks associated with HH 1/2 or HH 124 provide further, beautiful examples of this phenomenon and, with dynamical ages of nearly 20000 yr in both pairs, extend its timescale by more than an order of magnitude.     

珠江口盆地沉降史定量模拟和分析

运用Petrosys盆地模拟系统，定量和动态地模拟了珠江口盆地三个主要坳陷的沉降过程，论述了沉降速率的变化与生储盖发育之间的关联，认为珠江口盆地构造沉降史具有幕式、多阶段变化的特征。盆地第一幕和第二幕沉降是盆地发育的主要时期，奠定了盆地的构造格架，形成了盆地主要的沉积地层和油气资源。第三幕沉降为盆地的改造和完成阶段，是盆地区域盖层发育的主要时期。     

Erosion and deposition by debris flows at Mt Thomas,North Canterbury,New Zealand

The grass-covered slopes on the southern flank of Mt Thomas, an upfaulted block of highly sheared sandstone and argillite 40 km NW of Christchurch, New Zealand, are presently undergoing severe erosion by a combination of mass-wasting processes. Gully erosion, soil slips, and debris flows have carved out a number of steep, deeply incised ravines, from which coarse debris is transported (primarily by debris flows) to alluvial fans below. Geologic and historical evidence indicates that debris flows have been episodically active here for at least the last 20,000 years and have been the dominant process in fan building. This demonstrates that catastrophic geomorphic processes, rather than processes acting at relatively uniform rates, can be dominant in humid-temperate areas as well as in arid and semi-arid regions. In April 1978, debris flows were triggered in one of two unstable ravines in the Bullock Creek catchment by a moderate intensity, long duration rainstorm with a return period in excess of 20 years. Surges of fluid debris, moving at velocities up to 5 m/s, transported a dense slurry of gravel, sand, and mud up to 3·5 km over a vertical fall of 600 m. Deposition on the alluvial fan occurred when the flows left the confines of an entrenched fan-head channel and spread out as a 0·16 km² sheet averaging 1·2 m thick. In all, 195,000 m³ were deposited, roughly a third of that being reworked sediments from the head of the fan. Sediment yield from this one event would be equivalent to several thousand years worth of erosion at average sediment discharge rates for small South Island mountain catchments. Samples of viscous fluid debris during surges contained up to 84 per cent solids, composed of 70 per cent gravel, 20 per cent silt, and 4 per cent clay. Fluid density of the material ranged between 1·95 and 2·13 g/cm³, and it was extremely poorly sorted. Between surges the fluid was less viscous, less dense, and unable to carry gravel in suspension. Severe fan-head entrenchment of the stream channel (approximately 10 m in less than 24 hours) was accomplished by the erosive action of the surges. Tectonic uplift of the Mt Thomas block and the weak, crushed condition of the bedrock appear to be ultimately responsible for the catastropic erosion of slopes in the Bullock Creek catchment. However, forest clearing within the last few centuries appears to have greatly increased the rate of mass wasting and gully erosion on these slopes.     

Novel particle method for modelling the episodic collapse of soft coastal bluffs

This paper presents a new, novel, particle-based Bluff Morphology Model (BMM), and with it investigates the stability, collapse, and equilibrium position of soft coastal bluffs (cliffs). This model combines a multiple wedge displacement method with an adapted Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (WCSPH) method. At first, the wedge method is applied to compute the stability of the bluff. Once the critical failure mechanism of the bluff slope has been identified, and if the factor of safety for the mechanism is less than 1, the adapted WCSPH method is used to predict the failure movement and residual shape of the slope. The model is validated against benchmark test cases of bluff stability for purely frictional, purely cohesive, and mixed strength bluff materials including 2D static water tables. The model predictions give a good correlation with the expected values, with medium resolution models producing errors of typically less than 2.0%. In addition, the prediction of lateral movement of a surveyed cliff and the dynamic collapse of a vertical bluff are computed, and compare well with published literature.     

Prediction of episodic acidification in North‐eastern USA: an empirical/mechanistic approach

Observations from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Episodic Response Project (ERP) in the North‐eastern United States are used to develop an empirical/mechanistic scheme for prediction of the minimum values of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) during episodes. An acidification episode is defined as a hydrological event during which ANC decreases. The pre‐episode ANC is used to index the antecedent condition, and the stream flow increase reflects how much the relative contributions of sources of waters change during the episode. As much as 92% of the total variation in the minimum ANC in individual catchments can be explained (with levels of explanation >70% for nine of the 13 streams) by a multiple linear regression model that includes pre‐episode ANC and change in discharge as independent variables. The predictive scheme is demonstrated to be regionally robust, with the regional variance explained ranging from 77 to 83%. The scheme is not successful for each ERP stream, and reasons are suggested for the individual failures. The potential for applying the predictive scheme to other watersheds is demonstrated by testing the model with data from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the South‐eastern United States, where the variance explained by the model was 74%. The model can also be utilized to assess ‘chemically new’ and ‘chemically old’ water sources during acidification episodes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

烃源岩排烃作用研究现状及展望

烃源岩排烃作用的研究在20世纪80年代以后取得了很大进展,主要体现在对烃源岩的排烃机理及控制因素的分析、煤成油排驱的理论研究及勘探突破、幕式排液的探讨及压实—压裂双端元排烃模型的建立等方面。在针对研究现状分析的基础上,提出了几点研究方向及展望：加强对烃源岩剖面排烃特征的高分辨率研究,建立压实—欠压实—压裂三端元排烃模型,对存在严重非均质性的烃源岩进行烃源岩排烃分级评价,深入探讨排烃与油气成藏的关系。     

乌尔逊凹陷西部边界断裂的幕式演化模式及其对含油气系统的控制作用

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷西部的边界断层-乌西断裂, 对该凹陷的构造演化具有明显的控制作用。研究发现该断裂的生长发育有着明显的幕式演化特点: 经历了分段连锁、宁静、活化和反转等4 个演化阶段, 每一阶段都有不同的构造和沉积特点。其中, 分段连锁和活化阶段是凹陷的主要生长期, 分段连锁阶段以发育张性断块构造样式为特征, 活化阶段则以发育盖层滑脱型构造样式为主。乌西断裂的幕式演化对乌尔逊凹陷烃源岩演化、储盖系统的分布及含油气系统具有一定的控制作用。     

札达盆地构造旋回层及其地质意义

札达盆地位于青藏高原南西部,其北东和南西侧分别为阿依拉日居和波林断裂系所限.在盆地内沉积了一套上新世-更新世地层,从下至上可分四段,上部为湖相泥岩段,下部三段代表了三个构造沉积旋回,它们有类似的沉积特征,即:每段下部为辫状河沉积的砾岩层,中部主要为曲流河沉积的砂岩层,并逐渐过渡到上部湖相泥岩.旋回沉积特征和地层变形反映了本区从上新世以来处于挤压状态,并有强烈垂向运动,为青藏高原在近几个百万年来持续隆升提供了依据.     

东营凹陷烃源岩排烃的地质地球化学特征

利用地质地球化学信息研究烃源岩的排烃行为是一种重要而有效的手段,东营凹陷较为丰富的地质地球化学信息对研究烃源岩的排烃行为具有重要的意义.东营凹陷烃源岩排烃的地质地球化学特征显示其排烃行为存在较强的非均质性:单层泥岩边缘地区排烃效率高,内部排烃效率相对较低,这种现象在厚层泥岩中(大于 30 m)表现更为明显,其中通常存在一定的相对"滞排区";不同的压实阶段,排烃效率也不相同,快速压实带较缓慢压实带及稳定压实带排烃效率稍高.东营凹陷存在两类超压体系:一类是相对开放性质的,幕式排烃是其重要的排烃方式之一,其排烃效率较常压系统高,排烃效率平均在 50%左右(常压体系排烃效率一般在 40%左右);另一类是相对封闭性的,为良好的超压"封存箱",其排烃效率较常压系统低,排烃效率平均在 20%左右,其地质地球化学行为显示一定的滞排特征,排烃行为不明显.研究结果认为压实不均衡是东营凹陷形成沙三中异常高压的主要原因,生烃作用是其形成沙四上超压的主要机制,而沙三下同时具备压实不均衡及生烃作用的双向增压效应.