MVT矿床中与成矿有关热液方解石的地球化学判据——以青海多才玛超大型铅锌矿床为例

碳酸盐矿物是MVT型铅锌矿床最为常见的热液蚀变矿物,记录了成矿流体特征,其元素或同位素组成对示踪和定位矿体具有一定的指示意义,但由于该类矿床中碳酸盐矿物成因多样,单一的岩相学观察往往难以准确识别与成矿有关和无关的方解石,需要辅以地球化学手段来确定方解石成因。本文利用钻孔编录、岩相学观察、C-O-Sr同位素和原位微量与稀土元素组成分析等手段,探讨了青海多才玛超大型MVT铅锌矿床中与成矿有关和无关两期方解石的矿物化学特征。结果表明,多才玛矿床成矿前方解石(Cal1)空间上与矿体无相关关系,遍布于中二叠统九十道班组灰岩内,阴极发光呈暗棕色至棕黄色,无明显生长环带;成矿期方解石(Cal2)主要产于铅锌矿体内及其上盘围岩中,多呈砂糖粒状-皮壳状充填于围岩裂隙和溶孔内,阴极发光呈暗黄色至亮橙色,常发育生长环带。相对于Cal2, Cal1与围岩的C-O-Sr同位素组成更为接近,这表明水岩反应期间,Cal1组成受围岩影响更大,Cal2组成受影响更小;相比于Cal1,Cal2具有较高的Mn、Fe、Zn、Pb含量和U/Th、V/Cr值以及较低的LREE/HREE值、Mg、Sr含量和弱的Ce负异常,指示成矿...     

Characteristics of Breccias and C-O-Sr-S Isotope Geochemistry of the Duocaima Pb-Zn Deposit in Tuotuohe, Qinghai Province: Implications for the Ore-forming Process

The Duocaima carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit is a newly found large deposit in the southern area of Qinghai Province.In this paper, the characteristics, genesis, significance to Pb-Zn mineralization of the widely developed breccias, and the ore-forming process have been carefully studied based on geological documentation of drilling holes, microscopic observations of petrography and microstructure and some stable isotope measurements.Based on the compositions of the clast and matrix, the breccias can be classified into three types: limestone clasts cemented by marl; limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials; and limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite.The mineralization in the first type of breccia is weak, whereas it is strong in the latter two types of breccias.According to the locations of occurrence and structural characteristics of the breccias along with the relationship between the breccias and mineralization, part of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and outcrop in the contact zone between the Wudaoliang Formation(Nw) and the underlying Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to synsedimentary fault-genetic breccia, whereas the last of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and developed in the Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to the breccia generated by karst cave collapse; the limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials and the limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite are attributed to breccia formed by hydrothermal dissolution.The breccia formed by karst collapse had consistently evolved for a long period of time, while the breccias with other origins were formed around the period of mineralization(i.e., about or slightly later than 20–16 Ma).The breccia generated by karst cave collapse and hydrothermal dissolution are somewhat related; the formation of the breccia from karst cave collapse provided open space for the later mineralization and reaction between hydrothermal fluids and host rocks, and the subsequent strong dissolution by hydrothermal fluids transformed some of the breccia formed earlier by karst cave collapse.Meanwhile, carbonate host rocks with breccias and brecciaed mineralization can be a potential sign of Mississippi Valley Type(MVT) deposits and important indicators for regional mineral exploration.The δ13CV-PDB, δ18OVSMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite in the Duocaima deposit range from 4.3‰ to 7.1‰, 14.9‰ to 20.1‰, and 0.707494 to 0.708185, respectively; the δ13CV-PDB, δ18OV-SMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of the host limestones of the Jiushidaoban Formation range from 3.6‰ to 5.3‰, 18.0‰ to 20.5‰, and 0.707372 to 0.707945, respectively.The δ13CV-PDB and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite and limestone are similar, indicating single sources of C and Sr in this deposit, with the likely source being the limestone of the Jiushidaoban Formation.The minor scattering of the δ18OV-SMOW values suggests that different O isotope fluids underwent the isotope exchange reaction.The C-O-Sr isotope characteristics indicate that the host limestones experienced a dissolution and precipitation process during mineralization, which is beneficial to improving the porosity of host rocks and promoting the precipitation of metal sulfides.The δ34SV-CDT value of the breccia-type mineralization sulfides ranges from-30.4‰ to-0.3‰; that is, the δ34SV-CDT value is negative with considerable variation, illustrating that during the breccia-type mineralization process, the bacteriogenic reduction of sulfates provided the vast majority of sulfur, whereas the thermochemical reduction of sulfates was relatively unimportant.The brecciation that occurred as a result of karst cave collapse was mainly generated by the dissolution of groundwater; however, the brecciation related to hydrothermal dissolution and mineralization processes were caused by mixing of different fluids.     

沱沱河地区多才玛铅锌矿晶屑熔结凝灰岩锆石SHRIMP年龄及岩石地球化学特征

多才玛铅锌矿是近年来沱沱河地区发现的一处超大型铅锌矿床,位于青藏高原东北部的东羌塘地块。恶劣的气候条件以及矿床发现时间晚,造成该地区地质研究程度极低。笔者重点对容矿围岩之一的晶屑熔结凝灰岩进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年和岩石化学成分分析。研究表明,晶屑熔结凝灰岩中锆石呈自形-半自形,发育典型的岩浆锆石振荡生长环带,Th/U值较高(0.39~0.69),为典型的岩浆锆石。测得晶屑熔结凝灰岩U-Pb加权平均年龄为(254.0±2.9) Ma, MSWD=1.9;谐和年龄值为(254.0±3) Ma,MSWD=1.9,属海西末期。岩石化学成分表现为高硅过铝、贫钙和镁,明显富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损P、Ti、Nb、Ta等高场强元素,富集LREE,Nb/Ta值(7.78~8.29)等特征表现为壳源岩浆和弧火山岩特征。综合分析认为,254 Ma±时期本区处于深俯冲消减阶段。     

羌塘沱沱河地区多才玛二长岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学

对青海省羌塘地块东北缘沱沱河多才玛铅锌矿区二长岩进行了系统的锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学研究。结果表明二长岩属于钙碱性-高钾钙碱性,准铝质岩石,具有较高的Na_2O和较低的K_2O、MgO。样品的高Rb/Sr比值(0.21~0.47)、低Nb/Ta比值(13.25~14.02)和低Mg#值等特征显示二长岩岩浆来源于地壳。样品富集轻稀土元素(LREE)、大离子亲石元素(LILE)(Rb,Ba,K,Sr),以及活泼的不相容元素(Th、U),同时亏损高场强元素(HFSE)(Nb、Ta、P、Ti),与弧火山岩特征相似。二长岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果为(65.8±1.1)Ma,显示其形成于晚白垩世—早古新世。结合区域地质背景,推测多才玛二长岩形成于特提斯大洋板块的后期深俯冲阶段。     

青海沱沱河多才玛特大型Pb-Zn矿床——定位预测方法与找矿突破过程

青海南部沱沱河地区的多才玛矿床是最近找矿突破发现的一个特大型铅锌矿床.由于赋矿规律不清,找矿方向不明,勘查曾一度陷入困境.针对制约找矿突破的关键地质问题,笔者开展了成矿潜力、矿床赋存规律、矿体定位预测研究,经钻探验证,实现了找矿突破.通过区域对比,认为沱沱河地区与“三江”带内兰坪等其他地区的地质背景相似,具有发育大型沉积岩容矿贱金属矿床的潜力;发现区域发育大型逆冲构造和含膏盐红层沉积、具有碳酸盐岩和暗色泥岩组合等,显示有利的成矿地质环境;区域和矿床内发育大规模高强度的铅锌化探异常,具有形成大型铅锌矿床的潜力.通过填图等研究,指出多才玛矿床为密西西比河谷型(MVT)矿床,产于逆冲推覆构造系统前锋带,矿体赋存于逆冲断裂上盘,受那益雄组碎屑岩和九十道班组灰岩岩相过渡部位及可能的逆冲推覆构造系统派生的反冲构造的控制,矿石主体为热液溶蚀角砾岩型.通过音频大地电磁测深测量,揭示了矿床深部物性特征和构造岩相特点,确定了孔莫陇矿段南侧深部铅锌矿化体的空间位置,并制定了钻探验证方案.经后期勘查,在预测区内探获了品位高、厚度大的铅锌矿体,使该矿段铅锌资源量由原来的76.2万吨增至259万吨,找矿取得重大突破.由此,通过综合分析,提出了一套综合地质、化探异常付化显示、地球物理、遥感等手段的多才玛式矿床定位预测方法组合.     

青海沱沱河地区多才玛铅锌矿床成因:原位S和Pb同位素证据

青海沱沱河地区多才玛铅锌矿床是西南三江特提斯北段新生代铅锌矿集区的典型矿床之一,本文首次应用飞秒激光剥蚀多接受器等离子体质谱法对多才玛铅锌矿床中金属硫化物的原位S和Pb同位素进行了测定。结果显示:黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿的原位S同位素的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值介于-26.34‰～4.24‰之间,均值-12.15‰(n=20),其中闪锌矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值介于-10.30‰～-3.52‰,均值-7.39‰(n=9);方铅矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为-26.34‰～-11.74‰,均值-20.36‰(n=9);黄铁矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值分别为2.50‰,4.24‰。矿床δ~(34)S数据范围较宽,总体表现为富集负值硫的特征,说明有机质可能参与成矿。岩浆热液期发育的黄铁矿δ~(34)S值具有深源特征,沉积热液期发育的方铅矿和闪锌矿的δ~(34)S值表明成矿过程存在还原作用,指示盆地地层还原流体的混入,综上可认为多才玛铅锌矿床硫具有混合来源的特征。方铅矿原位Pb同位素结果为~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.866～18.929,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.674～15.689,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=39.052～39.174。方铅矿与地层的Pb同位素组成一致,位于上地壳平均Pb演化线之上,具上地壳和地幔混合俯冲带铅的特征,表明其成矿物质的来源多样。结合矿床学、矿物学及同位素数据,本文认为多才玛铅锌矿床S元素主要来源于赋矿围岩,Pb金属元素主要来源于藏北钾质火山岩,侵入地层岩浆与盆地流体的混合是金属硫化物沉淀的重要机制。