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1.
This paper is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific, the oceanic region centered on the eastern Pacific warm pool, but also including the equatorial cold tongue and equatorial current system, and summarizes what is known about oceanographic influences on seabirds and cetaceans there. The eastern tropical Pacific supports on the order of 50 species of seabirds and 30 species of cetaceans as regular residents; these include four endemic species, the world’s largest populations for several others, three endemic sub-species, and a multi-species community that is relatively unique to this ecosystem. Three of the meso-scale physical features of the region are particularly significant to seabirds and cetaceans: the Costa Rica Dome for blue whales and short-beaked common dolphins, the Equatorial Front for planktivorous seabirds, and the countercurrent thermocline ridge for flocking seabirds that associate with mixed-species schools of spotted and spinner dolphins and yellowfin tuna. A few qualitative studies of meso- to macro-scale distribution patterns have indicated that some seabirds and cetaceans have species-specific preferences for surface currents. More common are associations with distinct water masses; these relationships have been quantified for a number of species using several different analytical methods. The mechanisms underlying tropical species–habitat relationships are not well understood, in contrast to a number of higher-latitude systems. This may be due to the fact that physical variables have been used as proxies for prey abundance and distribution in species–habitat research in the eastern tropical Pacific.Though seasonal and interannual patterns tend to be complex, species–habitat relationships appear to remain relatively stable over time, and distribution patterns co-vary with patterns of preferred habitat for a number of species. The interactions between seasonal and interannual variation in oceanographic conditions with seasonal patterns in the biology of seabirds and cetaceans may account for some of the complexity in species–habitat relationship patterns.Little work has been done to investigate effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycles on cetaceans, and results of the few studies focusing on oceanic seabirds are complex and not easy to interpret. Although much has been made of the detrimental effects of El Niño events on apex predators, more research is needed to understand the magnitude, and even direction, of these effects on seabirds and cetaceans in space and time. 相似文献
2.
BECAPEX科学试验城市建筑群落边界层大气环境特征及其影响 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
20 0 1~ 2 0 0 3年在北京实施了大气边界层动力、热力、化学综合观测试验 (BECAPEX ,BeijingCityAtmosphericPollutionObservationFieldExperiment) ,获取了北京城市大气动力和大气化学三维结构图像。综合观测试验分析研究发现 ,城市区域呈非均匀次生尺度热岛分布 ,并伴随着城市次生尺度环流 ,影响了局地空气污染物分布特征。MODIS卫星遥感 地面观测资料经过变分分析 ,可发现北京城市空气污染与周边区域影响源有密切关系 ,并影响城市群落环境气候特征 ,导致该区域日照、雾日、低云量和能见度呈显著年代际变化趋势。 相似文献
3.
北半球夏季,北印度洋环流主要受到西南季风流控制,将热带印度洋水体从西向东进行跨海盆输运,然而在斯里兰卡南部沿岸存在一支与西南季风流方向相反的西向沿岸流,即南斯里兰卡沿岸流(SSLCC).本文主要利用ECCO2资料进行南斯里兰卡沿岸流的动力学特征研究.结果表明,SSLCC的形成和孟加拉湾局地环流密切相关.当斯里兰卡穹顶区(SLD)环流偏强时,斯里兰卡南部形成局地气旋式涡旋,斯里兰卡东部沿岸流在SLD西部向南流动,随着气旋式涡旋北部转向西流形成强的SSLCC.相比之下,SLD较弱时,沿岸流仅存在斯里兰卡东部沿岸,斯里兰卡东部沿岸流无法向西转向,SSLCC和西南季风流一起向东流动,其可能的主要原因是局地风应力对SLD产生的强度影响.研究还表明,SLD强度对SSLCC流向和强度有着重要影响. 相似文献
4.
位于湖北省西缘的黄陵穹隆具有基底加盖层双层结构,其暴露的基底主要以黄陵花岗岩为代表。该穹隆对长江三峡的形成演化、四川-江汉盆地一带构造格局的形成,以及三峡大坝的安全性等方面均具有重要控制和影响作用。本文通过对黄陵花岗岩的裂变径迹特征分析,结合野外实测阶地地貌数据,获得了黄陵穹隆65Ma以来的隆升速率、隆升高度和剥蚀速率等方面的数据:1)65-7Ma,隆升速率为24.6-7.4m/Ma,隆升高度为1426.8-429.2m;2)7Ma至今,平均隆升速率为204.1m/Ma,隆升高度为1428.7m。而0.73-0.01Ma以来隆升速率由0.058m/Ka增加为1.033m/Ka,平均隆升速率为0.134m/Ka,显示出早期隆升较慢,后期加快的趋势。65Ma以来,至少总的剥蚀厚度为2455.5m-1457.9m,其中7Ma以来剥蚀的厚度为1028.7m,剥蚀速率为0.147mm/a。研究结果约束了长江三峡的形成时间和过程,证实了三峡是一年轻的河谷。 相似文献
5.
Abstract White mica crystallinity studies have been carried out on 90 samples of mudrocks, six of spotted slate, and five of accretionary lapilli tuff from the area around the Berwyn Hills, North Wales. Strain was measured for some of the spotted slate and tuff samples. The metamorphic grade increases from southeast to northwest, with values of the Kübler index varying from 0.64 to 0.20Δ2θ. Metamorphic zonal boundaries follow the strike of bedding and cleavage, but crystallinity values increase into stratigraphically younger rocks on the northwest side of the Berwyn Dome. This effect is attributed mainly to a rapid increase in the thickness of synmetamorphic overburden to the northwest, comprising exposed Silurian turbidites and inferred Lower Devonian non-marine sediments. Strain variations have a more local influence on crystallinity, and lateral variations in the contemporary geothermal gradient cannot be ruled out. However, only with unrealistically high gradients would the need for a thick Lower Devonian component to the overburden be removed. This reasoning implies that the metamorphic peak was coeval with the Acadian (late Caledonian) event, rather than with an early diastathermal event. 相似文献
6.
G. Franz D. Pudlo G. Urlacher U. Haussmann A. Boven K. Wemmer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1994,83(3):614-623
Field investigations, K-Ar age determinations and chemical data were used to describe the development of an intraplate volcanic province, the Darfur Dome, Sudan. Magmatism started 36 Ma ago at a small subvolcanic complex (Jebel Kussa) in the center of the dome and was active in the same area between 26 and 23 Ma. Two major volcanic fields (Marra Mountains and Tagabo Hills) developed between 16 and 10 Ma. Volcanism started again at 6.8 Ma with a third volcanic field (Meidob Hills) and at 4.3 Ma in the Marra Mountains and with the reactivation of the center. Activity then continued until the late Quaternary. Having started in the center of the Darfur Dome, volcanism moved in 36 Ma 200 km towards the NNE and 100 km SSW No essential difference in the alkaline magma types (basanitic to phonolitic-trachytic, with different amounts of assimilation of crustal material) in the different fields, was observed. Magmatism is thought to have been produced by a rising mantle plume and volcanism was triggered by stress resolution along the Central African Fault Zone. 相似文献
7.
三道溜河地区太古宙岩浆-构造事件 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
三道溜河地区处于中朝准地台北东缘,北西起自著名的夹皮沟金矿,南东至四道砬子河,太古宇出露广泛。笔者在此进行1:5万区调时,共发现了六次岩浆-构造事件,由老至新依次为:787角闪辉石岩、岭东片麻岩、大朝阳沟斜长角闪岩、三道溜河TTG岩组、唐胡店沟二长花岗岩、五道砬子河变辉长辉绿岩(发生在元古宙早期,在时空上与太古宇关系密切)。上述事件,表现为基性岩类与酸性岩类交替出现。基性岩事件依次为超基性岩-基性岩-偏碱性基性岩,稀土元素总量由高至低,微量元素Ba、Mn、Zr递增,Pb、Zn递减。酸性岩事件依次为中酸性岩-酸性岩-偏碱性酸性岩,稀土元素的La/Lu、ΣCe/ΣY由低到高,总量变化不大,微量元素Co、Cr、Ni、Cu递减。本区的构造运动与岩浆侵入活动相辅相成,古穹窿构造及北西向韧性剪切带控制了Au、Ag、Cu等矿产的展布。 相似文献
8.
9.
Johildo Salomo Figueirêdo Barbosa Fernando Alves daSilva Najara Santos Sapucaia Sundaram S. Iyer 《Gondwana Research》1998,1(3-4):343-356
New petrological and geochemical characteristics of the Brejtes region, situated in the south of Bahia, Brazil are discussed. The region forms a part of the most important and extensive granulite facies terrain in Brazil of Archean/Paleoproterozoic age. Five groups of rock types all equilibrated in the granulite facies are identified in this region. They are: i) supracrustal and related rocks, ii) undifferentiated granulites, iii) hornblende bearing enderbite-charnockites, iv) hornblende free enderbite-charnockites, v) charnockites. The first group appears to be the oldest in the region as they form enclaves in the 2.9 Ga old undifferentiated granulites. The third and fourth group are enderbite-charnockites, whose protoliths constitute two series of calc-alkaline rocks, one titanium poor (hornblende free) and another titanium rich (hornblende bearing). U/Pb zircon SHRIMP dates indicate ages of formation at 2.81 Ga (hornblende free) and 2.69 Ga (hornblende bearing) for the two groups. The fifth group of rocks have charnockitic affinity and are present in the center of the Brejtes Dome. These rocks are also have calc-alkaline affinity, but show petrographic and geochemical characteristics distinct from those of other groups. Preliminary geochronological investigations by zircon Pb-Pb evaporation method yielded 2.6 Ga and 2.0 Ga for the charnockites from the inner core of the Brejtes Dome. These age data suggest that the circular structure was formed by the re-fusion of the 2.6 Ga old deep crustal material generating younger charnockites at 2.0 Ga. 相似文献
10.