广西覆盖型岩溶区土层崩解机理研究

根据广西覆盖型岩溶区原状土样和扰动土样的室内试验结果, 研究土的崩解与土的矿物成分、化学成分、结构、颗粒大小、物理性质、含水状态和水的化学成分、水位变化等因素的关系。     

末次冰期黄河解体事件初探

７０年代末，水文地质部门在华北平原上打下了大量第四系钻孔，１９９３年对其中近百个钻孔的沉积相和测年资料重新进行分析，发现在该区全新统之下、上更新统上部普遍发育了一层细砂层，埋深一般为２０－４０ｍ，厚度约为５－２０ｍ，平面分布连续而稳定。     

航空影像与TM影像的配准及用航空影像对TM进行作物估产方法的精度检验

人们总是期望用较高分辨率的遥感影像来检验或评价相对低分辨率的遥感影像的分类结果的正确性，比如用航空影像检验ＴＭ的分类结果，用ＴＭ影像检验ＮＯＡＡ的分类结果。然而进行检验的首要关键的问题是将两幅不同分辨率的遥感影像在空间准确配准。事实证明，在空间域进行强制叠合是不成功的，因为二者没有可比的共同基准。两物相比必须要有一个共同的基础，作者认为遥感影像的空间频谱是一个较好的可以相互比较的基础，人们可以设法使空间尺度不同的两幅遥感影像在空间频谱上具有一致性，也就是说对相对高分辨率的影像进行适当的低通滤波而粗化，并通过它与相对的低分辨率的遥感影像进行错动，求取相关系数值，当相关系数达到最大值时可被认为是最佳的配准状况。本文以１：１００００的黑白航空像片为准，对应用ＴＭ影像估算冬小麦播种面积的精度进行了对比检验。结果表明，在传统的监督分类，Ｋ－Ｔ变换或混合像元分解方法中，混合像元分解方法的精度最高。     

论建平群大营子组解体

大营子组是６０年代建立的太古宙建平群中的岩石地层单位，近年１∶５万区调证实，大营子组是由太古宙变质深成岩，即石英闪长岩、英云闪长岩、花岗岩，以及太古宙表壳岩包体，甚至还包括了早元古代的变质辉长岩、层状变质岩，早古生代闪长岩和早二叠世二长花岗岩等组成，已失去了原来的岩石地层意义。将其解体为太古宙叶柏寿片麻岩、曹家烧锅片麻岩、变质表壳岩组合，早元古代陈家窝铺单元辉长岩，早古生代上马架子超单元石英闪长岩、闪长岩和早二叠世八家子超单元二长花岗岩。     

Relative contribution of various climatic processes in disintegration of clay-bearing rocks

The climatic processes of heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing affect the disintegration characteristics of clay-bearing rocks (shales, claystones, mudstones, and siltstones) to varying degrees. Although heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing are known to be the main processes responsible for physical disintegration of rocks under natural conditions, most of the previous investigators have used methods based only on water content variations (e.g., jar slake, slake index, and slake durability index tests) to assess the disintegration of clay-bearing rocks. Such assessments may not be adequate to explain the field behaviour of clay-bearing rocks subjected to a full range of climatic processes. In order to evaluate the combined effects as well as relative contributions of various climatic processes on the disintegration behaviour, samples of selected clay-bearing rocks, consisting of 5–6 particles, each weighing 85–150 g, were subjected to multiple cycles of heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing. These treatments resulted in fragmentation of samples with fragments ranging from 50 to 2 mm and finer in dimensions. A new approach, referred to as the disintegration ratio, and defined as the area under the grain size distribution curve of the disintegrated material to the total area encompassing all grain size distribution curves of the samples, was used to account for fragmentation into varying sizes. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between fragmentation, mineralogical composition, and physical properties.     

The role of salt weathering in the origin of the Qattara Depression, Western Desert, Egypt

Field studies and petrographic examinations of core samples and of the bedrock of the floor of the Qattara Depression, Egypt, indicate that salt weathering predominates in its western part in marked contrast to its eastern part. The eastern part of the depression is covered with more than 120-cm-thick, moist sands with sporadic occurrence of halite and gypsum due to the low salinity of the groundwater table. At the western part of the depression, the strongly saline, sodium chloride nature of the groundwater table favors crystallization of halite (and sometimes gypsum) at or near the surface of the outcropping bedrock of the Moghra clastics and/or Dabaa shale. Crystallization of halite and/or gypsum generates increased pressure that leads to mechanical disintegration of the bedrock into fine-grained debris. Features related to disintegration include blistering of the rock surface, splitting, spalling and/or granular disintegration.Alternation of dry and wet cycles favor halite crystallization, mechanical disintegration of the outcropping bedrock and dissolution of the halite cement, which exposes fine-grained debris to wind deflation. Removal of the debris from the floor of the depression leads to the accumulation of lunettes and other dunes in the downwind direction.Therefore, salt weathering provides fine-grained debris that are easily removed by deflation, which accounts for the topographically lower level of the western part of the depression (134 m below sea level (b.s.l.)). In contrast, the presence of moist sediments at the eastern part of the depression inhibits deflation and encourages sedimentation by adhesion of wind-blown sand to the damp surface of the sabkha at an elevation of 45 m below sea level.The disintegration of the bedrock of the Qattara Depression by salt weathering has been in effect since the onset of aridity in northern Egypt in Quaternary time. Whereas the initial excavation of the depression started in Late Miocene or Pliocene time by fluvial erosion, karstic process, mass-wasting and wind deflation.     

Field-based experimental determination of the weathering rates of the Cappadocian tuffs

Since the last eruption in the Cappadocia region that resulted in the formation of irregular, hard, thick lava layers on top of the Cappadocian tuffs, atmospheric processes have preferentially sculptured the tuffs. The erosion processes have resulted in some beautiful topographical landscape features, the so-called “fairy chimneys”. However, erosion, which is an important factor in the formation of fairy chimneys in the early stages, has a negative effect on their future. Over time, the number of visitors to this region has also increased and, therefore, in addition to natural erosion, the effects of localized erosion resulting from tourism at the site have increased in the last few decades. The physical, mineralogical and mechanical properties of the Cappadocian tuffs have been widely investigated in previous studies, but, their weathering characteristics, particularly weathering rate, were not determined in these studies. Determination of the weathering rate of these rocks is mandatory, especially for conservation projects, which should be urgently applied in order to protect this heritage. In this study, a comprehensive research program was carried out on the weathering properties of the Cappadocian tuffs and the weathering rate was determined in field and laboratory investigations. To this purpose, a detailed field investigation was performed. Besides field observations, the mineralogical, physical and mechanical properties of tuffs were also determined. In addition to durability evaluation by the slake durability index test, wetting–drying and freezing–thawing tests were also performed for weathering rate assessment of the Cappadocian tuffs. In order to account for overburden load on some specific parts of pillars, these wetting–drying and freezing–thawing tests were performed under loads. The results obtained from field observations of old man-made structures and from laboratory studies show that the weathering rate varies between 0.03 and 0.59 mm/year for the Esbelli tuff, and 0.4 and 2.5 mm/year for softer part of the Kavak member.     

水化作用下白垩系砂岩崩解特性及耗散能分析

白垩系砂岩沉积时间短,胶结程度差,在水化作用下极易发生崩解。选用湖北宜昌地区白垩系五龙组砂岩开展室内静态与动态崩解试验,分析了静动态崩解方式下白垩系砂岩的耐崩解指数的变化规律。通过测定崩解循环后不同粒径范围内崩解物颗粒质量百分含量的变化分析白垩系砂岩的崩解过程,采用电镜扫描试验观察崩解前后白垩系砂岩的镜下微观特征,根据崩解后崩解残留物的形态特征分析白垩系砂岩的崩解破坏模式,研究白垩系砂岩的崩解机理;从能量耗散的角度入手,引用表面能增量定量描述白垩系砂岩崩解过程中的破碎程度。结果表明:静态崩解下白垩系砂岩的耐崩解指数整体上低于动态崩解,随着崩解次数变大,小粒径颗粒(0.25~0.075 mm)的质量百分含量逐渐增加,最终趋于稳定;白垩系砂岩的崩解破坏主要是沿着节理裂隙面、颗粒胶结面以及微裂隙逐渐展开,随着崩解物粒径由大变小,与水的接触机会增多,且相应的裂隙扩展路径变短,崩解物破碎程度加大。采用表面能累计增量可以较好地反映白垩系砂岩在崩解过程中的破碎程度,表面能累计增量越大,崩解残留物越破碎,崩解程度越高。研究成果可为易崩解软岩地区岩土体工程性质评价提供理论参考。     

Waste Activated Sludge Disintegration in an Ultrasonic Batch Reactor

The production of excess sludge is one of the most serious challenges in biological wastewater treatment. In the present work, disintegration is added as a new additional unit operation in a wastewater treatment plant, and the main objective is to reduce the amount of excess sludge. The use of high power ultrasound can effectively disintegrate the bacterial cells, and thereby, enhance the subsequent biodegradation during digestion. In the study, attempts are made to determine the disintegration capacity of waste activated sludge that has different total solids (TS) concentrations with low ultrasound frequency (20 kHz) and a fixed amplitude value (50%). The results show that in terms of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) release, sludge disintegration was primarily governed by ultrasonic density (W mL^–1), whereas specific energy input appears to be more critical for protein release. A SCOD release of about 329 mg SCOD gTS^–1 was obtained at a TS content of 2% and specific energy input of 5 kWs gTS^–1. The SCOD release decreased to 248.5 and 124.2 mgSCOD gTS^–1 at TS contents of 4 and 6%, respectively. The highest protein release of 80.7 mg gTS^–1 was obtained at a TS content of 2% and a specific energy input of 10 kWs g^–1. The sludge disintegration efficiency declined significantly at higher TS content.     

秦岭地区陡岭-小茅岭隆起带西段几个岩体的SHRIMP锆石 U-Pb测年及其地质意义

通过对南秦岭与中秦岭之间陡岭-小茅岭隆起构造-岩浆岩带西段柞水-镇安-山阳之间的磨沟峡、黑沟和冷水沟等岩体的锆石U-Pb定年研究,获得磨沟峡闪长岩年龄743±12Ma、黑沟碱性花岗岩年龄686±10Ma、冷水沟辉长岩年龄680±9Ma;侵入冷水沟辉长岩的正长闪长斑岩年龄141.7±1.4Ma,确定这些岩体形成时代分别为新元古代中、晚期和早白垩世初.岩石化学分析结果表明,新元古代中、晚期岩体形成于大陆裂解环境,较早期的磨沟峡闪长岩,岩石地球化学具板内花岗岩的特征;较晚期的冷水沟和黑沟岩体,由超基性-基性岩和偏碱性花岗岩组成,具非造山双模式岩浆岩组合特征.侵入冷水沟辉长岩的正长闪长斑岩为高K-钙碱性岩浆岩,具后造山花岗岩的地球化学特征.新元古代岩浆岩为古中国地台裂解的产物,燕山期正长闪长岩则代表秦岭多旋回造山最终完成的时代.