Application of the first internal transcribed spacer(ITS-1) of ribosomal DNA as a molecular marker to population analysis in farrer''s scallop Chlamys farreri

Sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA （ ITS - 1 ） was examined and its application to the study of genetic variation was explored in four populations of farter＇ s scallop Chlamys farreri. ITS - 1 fragments, with a length of about 300 bp,of 78 individuals collected from Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai in China and Korea respectively were amplified via PCR, cloned and sequenced. Intra-genomic variation was examined by sequencing several clones of single individuals. Alignment and polymorphism analysis detected 44 haplotypes and 50 polymorphic sites which consist of 30 substitutions and 20 indels, indicating a high level of polymorphisms. Sequence analysis also showed a very low level of intra-individual variation. All these features validated the feasibility of application of ITS - 1 fragment to population analysis. Polymorphism analysis showed that the Korea sample has the richest genetic variation, followed by Yantai and Qingdao samples. AMOVA （analysis of molecular variance） showed that the majority （96.26%） of genetic variation was distributed within populations and 3.74% resulted from among populations, but with P 〈 0.05 （ = 0.042）, indicating that the populations in this study have significant divergence. This output was basically concordant with the result arising from RAPD data and different from that from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence data. Discussion on this inconsistency was made accordingly.     

基于MAPGIS的军事标图系统的设计

军事领域是一个非常特殊的行业，信息的安全性和空间数据的多样性是应用开发的重要问题。在全球信息化日趋高速发展和逐步成熟的今天，军队信息化建设也必须与GIS技术紧密结合，跟上时代前进的步伐。较系统地研究了GIS技术在军事标图绘制中的应用和集成问题，并提供了相应的理论方法和实现系统。在此基础上介绍了以MAPGIS为开发平台的军事标绘系统的实用功能和特点。首先分析了军事信息系统对地理信息数据的要求，并且评述了相关领域的研究现状。然后较为系统地介绍了军事标图系统的总体设计，根据军事标绘对象的数据特征，设计符合要求的应用系统提出了面向对象和无缝交互工具等的设计思想。对军标对象数据模型和操作模型进行了详细地阐述和说明，并将这些模型在系统中进行了实现。最后介绍了军事标图系统的主要模块和功能，探讨了今后GIS研究和发展的方向。     

全球N-MORB和E-MORB分类方案对比

N-MORB与E-MORB是大洋中脊玄武岩常用的分类,二者地球动力学意义不同,备受学术界关注。对于N-MORB与E-MORB的分类识别标志,不同作者有不同的见解。MORB中可以根据Rb/Nd≤0.15、K/Ti≤0.11、(La/Sm)_N≤0.8、K_2O/TiO_20.09、ΔNb=1.74+lg(Nb/Y)-1.92lg(Zr/Y)0、(La/Sm)_N1、100K_2O/TiO_2≤13等7种指标来识别N-MORB,否则为E-MORB。究竟何种标志区分效果较好、比较适合大多数MORB的情况?学术界对此还较少有人讨论。为此,本文尝试利用大数据方法,采用全球全体扩张中心数据,对上述7种标志进行对比,发现(La/Sm)_N1的标志比较适合大多数MORB的情况。为此,我们将(La/Sm)_N1和(La/Sm)_N≥1的所有数据,选取La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Ba、Cs、Hf、K、Nb、Pb、Rb、Sc、Sr、Ta、Th、Ti、Tl、U、V、Y、Zr等31个元素,利用两两元素对数比值进行投图,并计算85%置信度的置信椭圆交叠率,共得出36856个元素对组合,根据最小交叠率的原则,得出使用稀土元素La、Ce、Pr、Sm和其他高场强元素Nb、Zr、Hf、Y之间的比值关系判别效果较好。我们又利用以上得出的8种元素进行投图判定,发现以La为分子或以La/Hf、La/Zr元素比值做为区分标志可以得出更好的结果。因此建议考虑应用以上元素之间的相关关系共同判定N-MORB与E-MORB。     

Deformation patterns of upper Quaternary strata and their relation to active tectonics,Po Basin,Italy

Despite increased application of subsurface datasets below the limits of seismic resolution, reconstructing near‐surface deformation of shallow key stratigraphic markers beneath modern alluvial and coastal plains through sediment core analysis has received little attention. Highly resolved stratigraphy of Upper Pleistocene to Holocene (Marine Isotope Stage 5e to Marine Isotope Stage 1) alluvial, deltaic and coastal depositional systems across the southern Po Plain, down to 150 m depth, provides an unambiguous documentation on the deformation of previously flat‐lying strata that goes back in time beyond the limits of morphological, historical and palaeoseismic records. Five prominent key horizons, accurately selected on the basis of their sedimentological characteristics and typified for their fossil content, were used as highly effective stratigraphic markers (M1 to M5) that can be tracked for tens of kilometres across the basin. A facies‐controlled approach tied to a robust chronology (102 radiocarbon dates) reveals considerable deformation of laterally extensive nearshore (M1), continental (M2 and M3) and lagoon (M4 and M5) marker beds originally deposited in a horizontal position (M1, M4 and M5). The areas where antiformal geometries are best observed are remarkably coincident with the axes of buried ramp anticlines, across which new seismic images reveal substantially warped stratal geometries of Lower Pleistocene strata. The striking spatial coincidence of fold crests with the epicentres of historic and instrumental seismicity suggests that deformation of marker beds M1 to M5 might reflect, in part at least, syntectonically generated relief and, thus, active tectonism. Precise identification and lateral tracing of chronologically constrained stratigraphic markers in the ¹⁴C time window through combined sedimentological and palaeoecological data may delineate late Quaternary subsurface stratigraphic architecture at an unprecedented level of detail, outlining cryptic stratal geometries at the sub‐seismic scale. This approach is highly reproducible in tectonically active Quaternary depositional systems and can help to assess patterns of active deformation in the subsurface of modern alluvial and coastal plains worldwide.     

鄂尔多斯盆地前寒武纪末期古地貌恢复及其对烃源岩的控制作用

鄂尔多斯盆地前寒武纪末期古地貌控制着后期沉积体系的空间配置与古地理展布。通过野外剖面、岩芯分析、测井数据等建立鄂尔多斯盆地寒武系层序地层格架;选取寒武纪SS1最大海泛面(徐庄组沉积晚期地层)为标志层,通过残余厚度印模法,并结合古地质图分析,对研究区前寒武纪进行古地貌恢复,明确了前寒武纪沉积背景、构造格局及物源方向。总体上,前寒武纪鄂尔多斯盆地南、北濒临秦祁海和兴蒙海,东、西被贺兰和晋豫陕坳拉槽所夹持,古地貌东北高、西南低,受秦祁海影响最大,可将其划分为3个古构造地貌单元:高地剥蚀区、受古构造控制形成的坳陷区以及处于剥蚀与沉积过渡地带的斜坡阶地区。通过研究前寒武纪末期古地貌与寒武纪早期烃源岩分布认为,拉张活动背景下的坳陷带以及斜坡带是鄂尔多斯盆地寒武纪早期烃源岩发育的有利区块,前寒武纪古地貌格局影响了寒武纪早期烃源岩发育与分布。恢复古地貌形态对于揭示物源供给,研究沉积物搬运、平面和纵向展布特征,探究沉积、沉降中心的迁移规律,以及进一步揭示生储盖组合和分布具有重大意义。     

裙带菜配子体基因工程选择标记的研究

研究了裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)配子体对除草剂草丁膦的敏感性以及温度对草丁膦处理效果的影响。结果表明,裙带菜配子体对草丁膦敏感;统计学分析得出了草丁膦在不同温度条件下处理裙带菜配子体的半致死浓度(LD50)及95%可信限;温差达到10℃时,相同处理时间各组内不同处理温度样品的LD50之间呈现显著差异,第6天的LD50由10℃组的15.78 mg/L降为20℃组的11.56 mg/L和25℃组的10.33 mg/L。研究发现可以尝试采用草丁膦作为裙带菜配子体遗传转化的选择试剂。     

Methods Comparison for Microsatellite Marker Development： Different Isolation Methods, Different Yield Efficiency

Microsatellite markers have become one kind of the most important molecular tools used in various researches. A large number of microsatellite markers are required for the whole genome survey in the fields of molecular ecology, quantitative genetics and genomics. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to select several versatile, low-cost, efficient and time- and labor-saving methods to develop a large panel of microsatellite markers. In this study, we used Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) as the target species to compare the efficiency of the five methods derived from three strategies for microsatellite marker development. The results showed that the strategy of constructing small insert genomic DNA library resulted in poor efficiency, while the microsatellite-enriched strategy highly improved the isolation efficiency. Although the mining public database strategy is time- and cost-saving, it is difficult to obtain a large number of microsatellite markers, mainly due to the limited sequence data of non-model species deposited in public databases. Based on the results in this study, we recommend two methods, microsatellite-enriched library construction method and FIASCO-colony hybridization method, for large-scale microsatellite marker development. Both methods were derived from the mi-crosatellite-enriched strategy. The experimental results obtained from Zhikong scallop also provide the reference for microsatellite marker development in other species with large genomes.     

黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus eupogon)不同生态地理分布群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用40个黄颡鱼微卫星分子标记对吉林省月亮湖野生黄颡鱼(YL,30尾)、四川野生黄颡鱼(SC,30尾)、黑龙江省哈尔滨市松花江段黄颡鱼(SH,18尾)、湖北省荆州市长湖野生黄颡鱼子代(YY,30尾)及其亲本(QQ,30尾)、天津市换新国家级原良种场黄颡鱼1号(TJ,30尾)6个黄颡鱼群体的观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(Ae)等进行了遗传检测,根据基因频率计算遗传相似系数和Nei氏标准遗传距离,x2检验估计Hardy-weinberg平衡,采用近交系数(FST)和基因流(Nm)分析群体的遗传分化及其来源.同时,使用PHYLIP3.63软件绘制基于Nei氏标准遗传距离的UPGMA进化树.6个群体共检测到5042个扩增片段,长度在150-650bp,40个基因座扩增出等位基因数从1-8个不等,共计143个等位基因,平均每个基因座扩增得到3.575个等位基因.结果显示:(1)6个黄颡鱼群体的多态性指标均适中,PIC在0.00-0.79之间,平均值为0.40、0.37、0.35、0.39、0.35和0.19,有效等位基因数(Ae)1.00-5.44个不等,平均有效等位基因数依次为2.05、2.30、1.93、2.07、1.93和1.47,无偏期望杂合度(He)在0.00-0.83之间,平均值为0.45、0.46、0.36、0.46、0.41和0.23;(2)遗传相似系数YY与QQ遗传相似度最高(0.9947),TJ与SC遗传相似系数最低(0.4846),聚类结果与地理分布呈一定相关性.     

尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)不同月龄性状的主成分与判别分析

采用主成分与判别分析的方法,研究尼罗罗非鱼形态性状的增长规律,并判定其最佳生长季节体格与月龄的关系。选择2—5月龄尼罗罗非鱼各100尾,测量体长、头长、躯干长、体高、尾柄长、尾柄高、体宽和体重共8个性状,并对其进行主成分与判别分析。主成分分析结果表明:尼罗罗非鱼各月龄的体型特征参数间均有不同程度的正相关(P<0.05),体重与体长、体高的相关性最显著;不同月龄尼罗罗非鱼性状的主成分有所不同,主成分1:2—5月龄均相同为增重因子;主成分2:2—4月龄均为尾柄因子,而5月龄是躯干因子;主成分3:2月龄是头部因子,3—4月龄是躯干因子,5月龄是尾柄因子。通过建立判别式来判断错过最佳生长季节尼罗罗非鱼的体格与大小相符的月龄,判别结果表明,总的判别准确率为99.25%,其中2—4月龄尼罗罗非鱼的判别准确率为100%。     

皱纹盘鲍中国群体和日本群体的自交与杂交F1 的RAPD 标记

利用皱纹盘鲍中国群体和日本群体野生个体的单自交和单正反杂交获得了 4个F1家系 ,其中家系AJC、BCC、CCJ、DJJ分别为日本♀×中国♂、中国♀×中国♂、中国♀×日本♂和日本♀×日本♂组合 ,采用 2 2个引物对上述四个家系及其各自亲本个体的遗传结构进行了RAPD分析。结果表明 ,四个家系的平均杂合度 :AJC为 0 .2 32 9,BCC为 0 .1 667,CCJ为 0 .1 773,DJJ为 0 .1 649;各家系两亲本间遗传距离 :AJC为 0 .2 4 62 ,BCC为 0 .1 70 1 ,CCJ为 0 .2 1 0 9,DJJ为 0 .1 688。各家系子代群体与父母本的遗传距离 :AJC为 0 .1 772和 0 .2 2 2 4 ,BCC为 0 .1 1 81和 0 .1 92 0 ,CCJ为0 .1 1 2 3和 0 .1 691 ,DJJ为 0 .0 694和 0 .1 947。各家系子代个体间的遗传距离AJC为 0 .0 976,BCC为0 .0 95 1 ,CCJ为 0 .0 699,DJJ为 0 .0 682 ,而子代各群体间遗传距离均小于 0 .0 2 2 0。