密度和压缩系数的散射层析成像法

本文在速度成像的基础上研究了同时对密度和压缩系数成像的散射波层析成像法.对不同散射角度的计算可以得到一系列反演图像,拟合这些图像,从而可以有效地达到对密度和压缩系数（或速度）成像的目的.与单纯的速度成像相比,增加了反演的难度.首先是对资料的方位性要求增加;其次是对资料的利用率下降.即便如此,从对较少量的炮点和检波点资料的数值计算来看,仍取得了满意的成像结果.我们对组成字母“A”的散射体结构进行了成像计算,结果能够同时再现密度和压缩系数,成像清晰,表明了方法的可行性,并能应用于复杂结构的成像问题.     

Optimizing interpolation of shoot density data from a Posidonia oceanica seagrass bed

A case study on the optimization of Posidonia oceanica density interpolation, using a data set from a large meadow at Porto Conte Bay (NW Sardinia, Italy), is presented. Ordinary point kriging, cokriging and a weighted average based on inverse square distance were used to interpolate density data measured in 36 sampling stations. The results obtained from different methods were then compared by means of a leave‐one‐out cross‐validation procedure. The scale at which interpolation was carried out was defined on the basis of the Hausdorff dimension of the variogram. Optimizing spatial scale and data points search strategy allowed obtaining more accurate density estimates independently of the interpolation method.     

秦皇岛砂滩海洋线虫的数量研究

在两年的周期内,对秦皇岛4个砂滩的海洋线虫进行了6次芯样采集。灯塔、新煤码头、汤河口和北戴河赤土山4个砂滩均系分选好的细砂或中细砂,其中值粒径为140-285μm。对连续16个芯样计数的变异性所做的测试证明,1,2和3个芯样计算所得95％C.L.分别是0.539X—1.855X,0.647X—1.547X和0.700X—1.428X。秦皇岛砂滩海洋线虫的年平均密度:中潮带上区为1381±441 inds.10cm~(-2)。中潮带下区为1264±538 inds.10cm~(-2)。灯塔和新煤码头砂滩,8月出现高密度值,与温度的季节变化相符合,而汤河口则出现最低值,可能与污染物的大量排出有关。多数砂滩的大部分芯样显示了明显的重直分布,即种群数量的大部分集中在芯样顶部的两个分层:0～4和5～8cm。没有发现垂直分布的季节变化趋势。与世界其他海区砂滩的资料进行了比较。     

长江口海水的密度

为了核对1980年国际海水状态方程应用于中国近岸海水的可靠性,高精度的磁力浮沉子密度计在15—25℃,盐度5—35,一个大气压条件下,测量了长江口附近海水及其人工稀释海水的相对密度。结果表明,海水密度直接测量值系统地偏高于状态方程计算值,二者之间的偏差随水样盐度值降低而增大,且与海水[Ca~(2+))/s比值成明显正相关关系。经计算机拟合,导出了长江口附近海水及其稀释海水的状态方程,该方程计算值与实验值的平均标准偏差为±3.9×10~(-3)kg/m~3。     

Approaches for comparative evaluation of raster GIS-based landslide susceptibility zonation maps

Evaluation of maps generated from different conceptual models or data processing approaches at spatial level has importance in many geoenvironmental applications. This paper addresses the spatial comparison of different landslide susceptibility zonation (LSZ) raster maps of the same area derived from various procedures.     

Mongolian gerbils and Daurian pikas responded differently to changes in precipitation in the Inner Mongolian grasslands

Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and Daurian pikas (Ochotona dauurica) are two key small mammal species in the Inner Mongolian grasslands, China. Mongolian gerbils displayed density-dependent population growth, but the time lag of density dependence was short and within season. The spring–autumn population growth rate was inversely related to population density in Mongolian gerbils of the Erdos desert grasslands. The autumn–spring population growth rate of Mongolian gerbils was inversely related to winter precipitation. Precipitation had stronger effects on the population growth of gerbils during the non-breeding season. The monthly population growth rate of Daurian pikas was positively related to the monthly precipitation and was inversely related to population density in central Inner Mongolia. Daurian pikas select habitats with tall plants. Increased precipitation enhances plant production and increases the height of plants in arid and semi-arid regions. This enhancement of plant height might increase the population growth of Daurian pikas. Mongolian gerbils live in short grasslands. Increased winter precipitation might result in higher winter mortality of Mongolia gerbils, or taller plants might supress gerbil population growth in wet years. Therefore, responses of small mammal species to changes in precipitation depend on the life history of small mammals and changes in vegetation induced by climatic changes.     

Epibenthic megacrustaceans from the continental margin, slope and abyssal plain of the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico: Factors responsible for variability in species composition and diversity

The community structure of megacrustaceans (orders Lophogastrida, Isopoda, and Decapoda) collected in trawls on the continental margin, upper slope and abyssal plain of the southern Gulf of Mexico was studied to determine to what extent broad-scale variation in community composition and diversity was influenced by geographic regions environmental variability and depth. Trawls were collected in the Mexican Ridges, the Campeche Bank, and the Sigsbee abyssal plain. There was variability in species composition, density and diversity among geographic regions and along the depth gradient. A total of 106 species were identified and grouped in three orders; five infraorders, 40 families, and 70 genera. This study extends the known geographic ranges of the species Homolodromia monstrosa and Ephyrina benedicti. The largest number of species was recorded in the Mexican Ridges and on the upper continental shelf; lower values were found on the continental margin and in the abyssal plain. The largest densities were recorded on the continental margin in the Mexican Ridges. Megacrustaceans show in general low frequencies and low abundances in trawls, characterizing them as rare components of benthic assemblages. Contrary to an accepted paradigm about deep-sea biodiversity, the highest H′ diversity values were recorded in the Sigsbee abyssal plain, followed by values from the upper continental slope; diversity values were correlated with evenness. Canonical Redundancy analysis results showed a significant affinity to regions for 18 crustacean species; 33 species showed a significant affinity to both regions and depth zones within regions.     

地震层析地球内部密度分布横向不均匀研究

本文使用Woodhouse和Dziewonski等分别用S波和P波层析分析提供的,以670km深度为分界的上地幔和下地幔地震波传播所反映出的横向不均匀的球谐函数系数,假定地幔内部密度与正常水平的偏离分别与P波和S波的速度V_p和V_s成比例（下地幔δρ=γδV_p,上地幔δρ=σδV_S²）,并用一组新的球谐函数系数表示全地幔密度分布模型.计算结果表明:1.比例系数γ=0.199,σ=3.13×10^-5时,该全地幔密度模型可以70％恢复Dziewonski提供的下地幔密度模型,50％恢复Woodhouse提供的上地幔密度模型.合成密度分布基本上反映了分别由P波和S波速度异常所提供的地幔密度分布特征;2.所有穿过太平洋中部的剖面均明显地显示出一个低密度异常从地表一直延伸到核-幔边界;3.所有大陆下部均存在一个高密度异常区,而且深入到1200-1300km深度处;4.由密度异常的正、负交替基本上将部分地区地幔分成为3层,其深度依次为:第1层25-1300km左右,第2...     

黑水─泉州地学断面的重磁解释

讨论华南黑水─泉州地学断面的重磁解释。在解释中除应用常规的２．５维重磁异常反演外，还采用等密度线算法构制梯度层密度模型，用于分辨地壳密度细结构，以及计算自由地幔而深度用于分析上地幔密度的横向不均匀性。重磁模拟结果揭示了１０ｋｍ深度内的上地壳构造以及地壳与上地幔密度的分布。提出华南造山带以低密度上地幔为特征，它可能与上地幔的改造有关；四川盆地具有较高的上地幔密度，为未经改造的原始地幔。扬子克拉通与华南造山带的分界线与上地幔密度的分界线一致。根据布格异常、地表岩石密度和地形资料的综合分析，圈定出反映内生成矿作用深部标志的密度倒转区，可作为进一步找矿的远景区。     

黄河大柳树坝基岩体地震破坏后的密度特征

本文通过对岩体地震破坏后的弹性波测试，分析其波速的制约因素，采取相应的计算公式讨论了岩体密度的计算方法，并将其与平硐内壁裂隙统计计算出的岩体密度值做了比较，说明应用弹性波速计算岩体密度的精度与科学性。