Peak discharge of a Pleistocene lava-dam outburst flood in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA

The failure of a lava dam 165,000 yr ago produced the largest known flood on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. The Hyaloclastite Dam was up to 366 m high, and geochemical evidence linked this structure to outburst-flood deposits that occurred for 32 km downstream. Using the Hyaloclastite outburst-flood deposits as paleostage indicators, we used dam-failure and unsteady flow modeling to estimate a peak discharge and flow hydrograph. Failure of the Hyaloclastite Dam released a maximum 11 × 10⁹ m³ of water in 31 h. Peak discharges, estimated from uncertainty in channel geometry, dam height, and hydraulic characteristics, ranged from 2.3 to 5.3 × 10⁵ m³ s⁻¹ for the Hyaloclastite outburst flood. This discharge is an order of magnitude greater than the largest known discharge on the Colorado River (1.4 × 10⁴ m³ s⁻¹) and the largest peak discharge resulting from failure of a constructed dam in the USA (6.5 × 10⁴ m³ s⁻¹). Moreover, the Hyaloclastite outburst flood is the oldest documented Quaternary flood and one of the largest to have occurred in the continental USA. The peak discharge for this flood ranks in the top 30 floods (>10⁵ m³ s⁻¹) known worldwide and in the top ten largest floods in North America.     

前方交会及光电高程导线在桥梁圆形立柱监理中的应用

根据对前方交会及光电高程导线的精度分析,对用前方交会及光电高程导线复核圆形立柱进行了探讨,并给出了工程实例验证.     

三峡大坝建成后长江输沙量的减少及其对长江三角洲的影响

三峡大坝建成之后,大量泥沙滞留于库区,出库泥沙量减少,坝下河床冲刷而提供相当数量的泥沙,支流湖泊供沙也发生变化,这将使进入河口地区的泥沙有所减少。三峡大坝以上长江干流和支流建设新的大坝,南水北调、封山育林、退耕还林以及减少水土流失都将进一步减少长江进入河口地区的泥沙。由此估计,三峡大坝建成后的百年内长江输入河口地区的泥沙约为2.0×10⁸～2.5×10⁸t/a;冰后期长江三角洲形成和发育期间的长江年均输沙量为1.84×10⁸～2.28×10⁸t。二者的数值相当接近,然而与近50年的观测(4.33×10⁸t/a)相差甚远,长江流域的气候变化和人类活动可能是造成这一现象的原因。文章着重说明中国和长江上游人口的增长、种植作物的改变可能是水土流失、长江泥沙量增长的主要原因。     

Identifying sources of groundwater recharge in the Merguellil basin (Tunisia) using isotopic methods: implication of dam reservoir water accounting

Thirty-two groundwater samples collected from the Merguellil Wadi basin (central Tunisia) complemented by the Haouareb dam reservoir water samples have been isotopically analysed in order to investigate the implication of the reservoir water to recharging the aquifer, and also to infer the sources, relative ages and mixing processes in the aquifer system. Plots of the stable isotopes data against the local meteoric lines of Tunis-Carthage and Sfax indicate a strong implication of the dam water noticeable up to a distance of 6–7 km. A contribution as much as 80% of the pumped water has been evidenced using isotopic mass balance. In addition, poorly distinguished water clusters in the stable isotope plots, but clearly identified in the diagrams δ¹⁸O versus ³H and ³H versus ¹⁴C, indicate various water types related to sources and timing of recharge. The isotopic signatures of the dam accounting water, the “old” and “native” recharged waters, have been evidenced in relation to their geographical distribution and also to their radiogenic isotopes (³H and ¹⁴C) contents. In the south-western part of the aquifer, mixing process occurs between the dam reservoir water and both the “old” and “native” water components.     

C型采场支承压力分布特征的数值模拟研究

冲击地压的发生与支承压力的分布有重要关系。为研究C型采场支承压力的动态变化规律,采用FLAC3D软件对孤岛工作面推进过程中煤体垂直应力场进行了数值模拟。通过对工作面推进过程中煤体支承压力的平面分布特征、走向支承压力和倾斜支承压力的动态演化特征进行分析,得到以下结论：① 煤体中垂直应力分布呈“C”形;② 孤岛工作面超前支承压力影响距离为正常工作面的3～5倍;③ 双工作面“见方”时,支承压力峰值达到最大值。工程实例验证了结论的可靠性,其结果可为现场冲击地压预测和防治提供依据。     

大岗山水电站坝肩边坡开挖支护有限元模拟

大岗山水电站坝肩边坡地质条件复杂,断层、岩脉、卸荷裂隙密集带、深部卸荷带及节理裂隙发育。为对该边坡在开挖支护过程中的应力、变形情况进行分析,采用弹黏塑性有限元软件EVP3D,利用弹塑性有限元法进行边坡稳定性的三维有限元计算,揭示边坡可能的失稳部位,对初拟的施工程序的合理性进行评价,并对边坡的支护方案提出建议。     

水库大坝表面变形观测的方法探讨

本文主要阐述了风城水库大坝表面变形观测各种工作点的布设、大坝变形观测的方法及效果、大坝变形的数据分析过程等,旨在与同行们共同交流探讨变形观测的方法.     

大型水域水岩相互作用及其环境效应研究

以大量实际资料及深入的研究成果，较全面地论述了人工大型水域水岩相作用及其导致的主要地质灾害，包括水库诱发地震，库岸崩滑，水岩作用导致的大坝溃决，以及水库淤积导致的大面积环境恶化等问题。     

Effects of hedgerows on sediment erosion in Three Gorges Dam Area, China

The Three Gorges Dam Area refers to the river section from Chongqing to Yichang on the Yangtze River, which has a drainage area of 75,098 km^2, and involves 19 cities and counties. Contour hedgerows have been used in this area to control soil erosion and to improve hillslope stability in the catchment of this river section. Five experimental hedgerow plots were established in 1994 in order to study the effects of hedgerows on erosion control. During the period of 1994-1997, runoff and soil loss data were collected on these test plots, including the chemical and physical properties of soil and related topographical data. The results indicate that： （1） after 4 years of cultivation and crop planting, soil fertility increased dramatically in the hedgerow plots. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus contents in the hedgerow plots were 5-9 times higher than that in the control plot. In each of the hedgerow plots, soil structure became more stable, the quantity of granules larger than 0.02 mm increased and those finer than 0.02 mm decreased; （2） All hedgerow plots showed a major effect on reducing soil loss and surface runoff; （3） Overland flow velocity along the upper portion of the hedgerow plots was greatly reduced due to hedgerow resistance, which explains the significant decrease in soil losses in hedgerow plots, despite the fact that the hedgerow plots and the control plots had the same total runoff.