Trace element distribution among rock-forming minerals from metamorphosed to partially molten basic igneous rocks in a contact aureole (Fuerteventura, Canaries)

Low pressure partial melting of basanitic and ankaramitic dykes gave rise to unusual, zebra-like migmatites, in the contact aureole of a layered pyroxenite–gabbro intrusion, in the root zone of an ocean island (Basal Complex, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands). These migmatites are characterised by a dense network of closely spaced, millimetre-wide leucocratic segregations. Their mineralogy consists of plagioclase (An_32–36), diopside, biotite, oxides (magnetite, ilmenite), +/− amphibole, dominated by plagioclase in the leucosome and diopside in the melanosome. The melanosome is almost completely recrystallised, with the preservation of large, relict igneous diopside phenocrysts in dyke centres. Comparison of whole-rock and mineral major- and trace-element data allowed us to assess the redistribution of elements between different mineral phases and generations during contact metamorphism and partial melting.

Dykes within and outside the thermal aureole behaved like closed chemical systems. Nevertheless, Zr, Hf, Y and REEs were internally redistributed, as deduced by comparing the trace element contents of the various diopside generations. Neocrystallised diopside – in the melanosome, leucosome and as epitaxial phenocryst rims – from the migmatite zone, are all enriched in Zr, Hf, Y and REEs compared to relict phenocrysts. This has been assigned to the liberation of trace elements on the breakdown of enriched primary minerals, kaersutite and sphene, on entering the thermal aureole. Major and trace element compositions of minerals in migmatite melanosomes and leucosomes are almost identical, pointing to a syn- or post-solidus reequilibration on the cooling of the migmatite terrain i.e. mineral–melt equilibria were reset to mineral–mineral equilibria.     

Low-pressure,water-assisted anatexis of basic dykes in a contact metamorphic aureole,Fuerteventura (Canary Islands): oxygen isotope evidence for a meteoric fluid origin

Migmatites produced by low-pressure anatexis of basic dykes are found in a contact metamorphic aureole around a pyroxenite–gabbro intrusion (PX2), on Fuerteventura. Dykes outside and inside the aureole record interaction with meteoric water, with low or negative δ¹⁸O whole-rock values (+0.2 to −3.4‰), decreasing towards the contact. Recrystallised plagioclase, diopside, biotite and oxides, from within the aureole, show a similar evolution with lowest δ¹⁸O values (−2.8, −4.2, −4.4 and −7.6‰, respectively) in the migmatite zone, close to the intrusion. Relict clinopyroxene phenocrysts preserved in all dykes, retain typically magmatic δ¹⁸O values up to the anatectic zone, where the values are lower and more heterogeneous. Low δ¹⁸O values, decreasing towards the intrusion, can be ascribed to the advection of meteoric water during magma emplacement, with increasing fluid/rock ratios (higher dyke intensities towards the intrusion acting as fluid-pathways) and higher temperatures promoting increasing exchange during recrystallisation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Les dykes basiques du massif ancien de l'Ourika (Atlas de Marrakech,Maroc) : géochimie et significationThe basic dykes of the Ourika old massif (High Atlas of Marrakech): Geochemistry and significance

The Precambrian massif of Ourika is crosscut by two systems of basic dykes, striking N40°E and N90–120°E. Using incompatible trace elements, the two systems form two distinct chemical groups, displaying a continental tholeiitic affinity. The composition variations between the two defined groups can be due to heterogeneities of mantle sources and to contamination, during the magma ascent, by the continental crust. The emplacement of these basic dykes, before the late-PIII formations, can be related to the Neoproterozoic distension generalised to the Anti-Atlas chain. To cite this article: A. Barakat et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 827–833.     

碳酸岩岩浆演化的指示性矿物—环带金云母——以山东西部雪野碳酸岩为例

山东西部莱芜－淄博地区的中生代雪野碳酸岩中发育有大量罕见的反环带云母，云母的电子探针分析表明，云母斑晶的核心为黑云母，过渡带和边缘是金云母，基质中云母为金云母，核心黑云母与过渡带的金云母界限清晰，成分突变以及核心黑云母的溶蚀结构表明，核心黑云母和过渡带与边缘带金云母不是同一岩浆体系结晶的产物，核心黑云母可能是碳酸岩岩浆捕获的外来黑云母，过渡带与边缘带金云母同基质中金云母具有相似的化学成分，从过渡带到边缘带，金云母的Mg(Mg Fe)逐渐降低，反映了碳酸岩岩浆的不断结晶演化过程，TiO2的不断降低，一方面是由于岩浆的分异结晶，另一方面则是岩浆上升期间去气作用导致岩浆内CO2／H2O值降低所致。云母斑晶从过渡带向边缘带Al2O3含量逐渐减少，表明碳酸岩浆自过渡带云母结晶后没有富Al的圈岩物质加入。     

Torngat ultramafic lamprophyres and their relation to the North Atlantic Alkaline Province

Geological mapping and diamond exploration in northern Quebec and Labrador has revealed an undeformed ultramafic dyke swarm in the northern Torngat Mountains. The dyke rocks are dominated by an olivine-phlogopite mineralogy and contain varying amounts of primary carbonate. Their mineralogy, mineral compositional trends and the presence of typomorphic minerals (e.g. kimzeyitic garnet), indicate that these dykes comprise an ultramafic lamprophyre suite grading into carbonatite. Recognized rock varieties are aillikite, mela-aillikite and subordinate carbonatite. Carbonatite and aillikite have in common high carbonate content and a lack of clinopyroxene. In contrast, mela-aillikites are richer in mafic silicate minerals, in particular clinopyroxene and amphibole, and contain only small amounts of primary carbonate. The modal mineralogy and textures of the dyke varieties are gradational, indicating that they represent end-members in a compositional continuum.

The Torngat ultramafic lamprophyres are characterized by high but variable MgO (10–25 wt.%), CaO (5–20 wt.%), TiO₂ (3–10 wt.%) and K₂O (1–4 wt.%), but low SiO₂ (22–37 wt.%) and Al₂O₃ (2–6 wt.%). Higher SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Na₂O and lower CO₂ content distinguish the mela-aillikites from the aillikites. Whereas the bulk rock major and trace element concentrations of the aillikites and mela-aillikites overlap, there is no fractional crystallization relation between them. The major and trace element characteristics imply related parental magmas, with minor olivine and Cr-spinel fractionation accounting for intra-group variation.

The Torngat ultramafic lamprophyres have a Neoproterozoic age and are spatially and compositionally closely related with the Neoproterozoic ultramafic lamprophyres from central West Greenland. Ultramafic potassic-to-carbonatitic magmatism occurred in both eastern Laurentia and western Baltica during the Late Neoproterozoic. It can be inferred from the emplacement ages of the alkaline complexes and timing of Late Proterozoic processes in the North Atlantic region that this volatile-rich, deep-seated igneous activity was a distal effect of the breakup of Rodinia. This occurred during and/or after the rift-to-drift transition that led to the opening of the Iapetus Ocean.     

The bimodal composition of carbonatites: Reality or misconception?

The concept of compositional bimodality in carbonatites has become widely accepted and has been used to impose restrictions on the composition of carbonatite magmas. We agree that mineralogical bimodality exists in carbonatites (most are either calcitic or dolomitic/ankeritic), but we argue that there is no compositional bimodality. The idea of bimodality is based on the interpretation of a variety of element distribution diagrams which were compiled only from chemical analyses in which SiO₂ is < 10 wt.%. All others were rejected. Even with such a restricted data set the case for compositional bimodality is extremely weak, but the inclusion of analyses with higher SiO₂ content destroys it completely. Yet these more siliceous compositions must be included, for many carbonatites contain substantial amounts of Fe–Mg silicates which are an essential part of the magmatic mineralogy of the rocks. They account for much of the Mg in carbonatites that are otherwise calcitic. Many such carbonatites contain well in excess of 10 wt.% SiO₂. Supporters of the bimodality concept argue that liquids having compositions between calcite and dolomite can precipitate neither calcite nor dolomite because the minimum on the solid solution loops in the system calcite–dolomite permits only a carbonate of intermediate composition. Therefore, it is argued, liquids of such intermediate composition cannot be parental to calcitic and dolomitic carbonatites; their parent magmas must be calcitic and dolomitic. This deduction is incorrect. It is well established that dolomitic liquids have calcite as the liquidus phase over substantial temperature intervals, and that this is followed by dolomite precipitation. Mixed calcite–dolomite carbonatites are explicable in this way. Therefore, dolomitic liquids can be parental to calcitic carbonatites. However, dolomitic carbonatites cannot crystallize from a calcitic liquid. We suggest that intermediate composition carbonatite magmas are probably common. Bimodality in carbonatites is solely mineralogical, not compositional.     

华北克拉通东部鲁西早白垩纪基性岩墙成因:来自锆石年龄、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素的证据

中生代基性辉绿岩墙广泛分布于华北克拉通东部山东地区。本研究给出代表性岩墙的U-Pb锆石年龄、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素证据,4个代表性锆石的LA-ICP-MS年龄范围处于121.9±0.6Ma和124.3±0.5Ma之间(早白垩纪)。岩石的主量元素组成变化较小,岩石富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(如,Rb、Ba、U、K和Pb),以及亏损高场强元素(如,Nb、Ta和Ti)。另外,基性岩墙具有相对一致的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i比值(~0.7098),负的ε_Nd(t)值(-14.7~-14.5)、ε_Hf(t)值(-31.4~-26.7)和高的Hf模式年龄(t_DM1=1817~2024Ma)。研究显示基性岩墙来自富集岩石圈地幔的部分熔融作用,并在上升侵位过程中经历了一定程度的地壳混染作用影响。总体研究表明,基性岩墙的成因机制与扬子克拉通与华北克拉通的碰撞有关,岩浆源区为晚中生代前受俯冲扬子地壳沉积物交代后的富集岩石圈地幔。     

内蒙古塔尔气地区中酸性脉岩的地球化学特征及成因

对塔尔气地区中酸性脉岩的地质特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征进行了研究,并讨论了该地区中酸性脉岩的形成时代、成因及构造环境。锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,这些中酸性脉岩形成于早白垩世141.4~136.0 Ma和136.5~126.4 Ma两个阶段。其中中性脉岩具有中硅、富碱、准铝质(A/CNK=0.80~0.92)的特点,属于高钾钙碱性准铝质岩石,无Eu负异常;而酸性脉岩则表现出高硅、富碱、弱过铝质(A/CNK=1.03~1.24)的特点,属于高钾钙碱性系列,大多具有明显的Eu负异常。综合区域地质资料分析,塔尔气地区中性脉岩与酸性脉岩可能为两次岩浆事件的产物,形成于伸展构造环境。     

西藏改则县多龙矿集区发现岩墙岭蛇绿岩残片

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带北缘多龙矿集区是青藏高原新近发现的具有超大型远景的、典型的富金斑岩型铜矿集区,其成岩成矿地质背景是解决班公湖-怒江洋构造演化的关键问题之一。近年来的区域地质调查研究发现,多龙矿集区南侧出露岩墙岭蛇绿岩残片,应该是班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带的重要组成部分。岩墙岭蛇绿岩主要由席状岩墙群、枕状玄武岩和硅质岩组成,整体呈棱形或透镜体状断续分布于侏罗系复理石沉积内,构成典型的网结状构造。糜棱岩普遍发育在岩墙岭蛇绿岩和围岩的接触部位。综合前人研究成果,初步认为多龙矿集区早白垩世成岩成矿作用应该形成于增生楔之上伸展拉张的构造环境。岩墙岭蛇绿岩的发现和确定进一步约束了多龙矿集区成岩成矿地质背景,同时为班公湖-怒江缝合带的延伸及其构造演化的研究提供了新的线索。     

Magnetic interpretation of pairs of sheets and their equivalence to dykes

Magnetic anomaly profiles over two thin sheets separated by a small distance resemble those of dykes andvice versa. Interpretation of anomalies over a pair of sheets based on the magnetic properties of dykes predicts a dyke whose centre lies midway between the positions of the sheets. The dyke, on the other hand, is magnetically equivalent to a pair of sheets, both lying at the same depth and having the same magnetization.The magnetic anomalies due to a pair of sheets can be interpreted by framing linear equations between the anomalies and their distances measured from an arbitrary reference. Application of this method to anomalies of dipping sheets with a finite depth extent is indicated.