Before the Scottish Survey: Alfred Harker the Geologist

The archival papers of the eminent petrologist Alfred Harker span his entire geological career of over 60 years. These are held by the Archive of the Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences (University of Cambridge). Harker was associated with the Department of Geology, the Woodwardian Museum and post-1904, the Sedgwick Memorial Museum. Importantly, his meticulously labelled notebooks provide an unprecedented insight into his development as a field and laboratory scientist. They chart Harker's beginnings as a fossil collector and observer of sedimentary stratigraphy on the North Yorkshire coast, his trips to Wales and Devon with the Sedgwick Club, and his later work in the English Lake District with his friend and colleague John. E. Marr. This paper examines in particular Harker's suite of 20 notebooks kept up until 1894, including his trip to Edinburgh in August 1892. This visit introduced the young scientist to the geology of Scotland for the first time. An overview of Harker's experience and contemporary contacts suggests some reasons why Sir Archibald Geikie later invited him to join the Scottish Survey staff in 1895.     

海口红黏土的结构性本构模型研究

土体结构性的数学模型是21世纪土力学的核心问题。由于土体微观结构的变化造成了重塑土与原状土的力学特性上的差异。采用应变型和应力型结构性宏观参数来表征这种微观结构的变化,同时将应变性结构性参数引入到等向固结过程中去,用以描述常规三轴试验中剪切前的等向固结过程以及剪切时球应力对结构性土体的影响。实现应变型和应力型结构性宏观参数对整个三轴剪切过程的描述。修正剑桥模型对正常固结重塑黏土的三轴压缩试验能做出准确地描述,但对超固结黏土及原状土,即具有结构地土体,则不能给出准确地描述。将应变型和应力型结构性宏观参数引入到修正剑桥模型中,实现修正剑桥模型的结构化。该结构性修正剑桥模型参数的确定方法与常规修正剑桥模型参数的确定方法相差不多,只不过多了球应力与土体结构性体应变的关系式、偏应力与土体结构性广义剪应变的关系式。经过数值模拟比较,结构性修正的剑桥模型能较好地反映原状土的结构性演化过程,能描述原状土结构的整个破坏过程,在多种应力路径下具有很好的预测作用。     

基于广义位势理论的弹塑性模型的修正方法

广义位势理论为岩土材料的本构关系研究指出了更开阔的数学背景。基于广义位势理论可以构造出基于应力空间的模型,也可构造出基于应变空间的模型,利用两者之间的对称关系,把常规基于应力空间的模型直接转换到应变空间中,对本构模型自身无需做任何改动。基于广义位势理论也可以对已有的本构模型进行修正,比如,可基于广义位势理论对剑桥模型进行修正,这种修正可使模型利用三轴试验的部分成果,比单纯使用压缩试验的成果要好一些。另外,也初步探讨了模型的三维化问题。     

ANSYS软件中修正剑桥模型的二次开发

ANSYS软件具有很强的非线性计算功能和前、后处理能力,是目前世界上最强大的通用分析程序之一。标准ANSYS程序中包含众多的材料本构模型,但尚缺少岩土工程数值计算中常用的修正剑桥模型。为扩展ANSYS在岩土工程领域的计算能力,利用二次开发工具UPFs和数据接口将修正剑桥模型连接到标准ANSYS程序中。二次开发的核心是本构模型子程序UMAT.F的编制。子程序的编写一方面要符合修正剑桥模型的本构关系式和弹塑性有限元计算的特点;另一方面变量名和输入输出格式必须和标准ANSYS程序一致。对二次开发后的ANSYS程序进行了典型算例的验证。结果表明,在ANSYS中加入修正剑桥模型的方法是可行的,可推广到ANSYS对于其他材料本构模型的二次开发中。     

扩展剑桥模型参数的优化选择及其应用

在有限元计算中合理选取土的本构关系与模型参数,对于计算成果的可靠性是十分重要的。剑桥模型是一个应用广泛的弹塑性模型,其参数一般是通过室内试验来确定的。通过建立扩展剑桥模型在三轴条件下的弹塑性本构关系的表达式,并以此为依据,利用数值模拟常规三轴试验和单向压缩试验过程并利用正反分析技术优化求解剑桥模型参数,在小浪底大坝固结计算的应用中证明了这种方法的合理性与实用性。     

New Editor-in-Chief Professor Degan SHU

正Professor Shu received his undergraduate training in Paleontology at Peking(Beijing)University in1964–1969,obtaining his Master's degree at Northwest University(Xi’an)and Ph.D.in China University of Geosciences(Beijing);he was Visiting Scholar at the Smithsonian Institution,Washington,D.C.,USA in 1988,Humboldt Research Fellow at University of Bonn in 1988–1989,at University of Wuerzburg,Germany in 1994–1995,and Visiting Scholar at Cambridge University,UK     

等向固结饱和黏土卸载孔压特性的试验与理论研究

负孔压可以为饱和黏土地基的结构基础提供抗拔阻力,准确计算负孔压的大小对研究上拔承载力的意义重大。通过等向固结的三轴伸长试验研究了卸荷状态下饱和黏土中孔压的发展规律,提出了计算超静负孔压的方法;结合修正剑桥模型和Henkel孔压理论,揭示了卸荷作用下超静负孔压产生的机制,合理地解释了在卸荷过程中超静孔压由负转正的过程。研究表明,卸荷试验条件下广义剪应力产生正孔压,而平均主应力对孔压的贡献为负,卸荷初期广义剪应力产生的正孔压不足以抵消平均主应力产生的负孔压,因此,超静孔压呈现负值。研究成果为负孔压预测以及上拔承载力研究提供了理论依据。     

最大熵时域逆散射层析成像的研究

用最大熵求解二维时域逆散射问题的层析成像算法反演井间、ＶＳＰ和ＳＲＰ中的二维介质波速分布。首先给出时域散射场与介质扰动的关系式，然后，应用最大熵剑桥算法从所有满足时域散射数据的模型中挑选图像熵最大的模型作为反演结果，并给出了该算法的实现步骤。数值试验的结果表明，本文算法用于反演含噪声，不完全的时域波场数据时，十分有效。     

Edentulous pterosaurs from the Cambridge Greensand (Cretaceous) of eastern England with a review of Ornithostoma Seeley, 1871

A re-examination of fossil material from the Late Cretaceous Cambridge Greensand Member (CGM) of the West Melbury Marly Chalk Formation revealed a number of new specimens of edentulous pterosaur jaw fragments previously identified as shark fin spines and fish jaws and accessioned under the epithet ‘cestraciontid finray’ and ‘jaws of fish’. These are now recognised as pterosaurian jaw tips and referred to Ornithostoma sedgwicki Seeley, 1891 and Azhdarchoidea indet. This material increases the diversity of edentulous pterosaurs from the CGM.The edentulous pterosaur Ornithostoma sedgwicki Seeley, 1891 from the Cretaceous Cambridge Greensand of eastern England is reviewed. The holotype specimen is confirmed as a fragment of a premaxilla/maxilla of a non-tapejarid azhdarchoid on account of the conspicuous curvature of the dorsal and occlusal margins posteriorly and the presence of small neural foramina on the lateral margins. Neural foramina are not seen on jaws of members of the Pteranodontia, a group to which O. sedgwicki was included previously. The referral of O. sedgwicki to Azhdarchoidea eliminates the single known Lower Cretaceous occurrence of Pteranodontidae, restricting the temporal range of this taxon to the Upper Cretaceous. Postcranial material referred to O. sedgwicki from the type horizon is regarded as indeterminate Pterosauria.     

考虑初始结构性影响的吹填软土应力应变关系

正常沉积的土体一般具有结构性。目前土的本构模型大多数是以非结构性土为基础建立和发展起来的,用它们直接描述结构性土体应力应变关系与实际出入很大。本文以修正的剑桥模型为基础,建立了可考虑初始结构性影响的结构性吹填软土应力应变关系。与修正的剑桥模型相比,只增加了参数的个数,但参数种类不变,其值通过室内常规试验即可求得。对天津滨海新区吹填场地经过真空预压处理后有结构强度的吹填土体进行了三轴试验,通过试验值与模拟值分析比较,初步验证了本文建立的模型可以考虑吹填软土初始结构性影响。