吐哈盆地及二连盆地侏罗系煤微类脂组分的共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）研究及油气意义

吐哈盆地产出有比较丰富的侏罗系煤成油气田，本文用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜和热解分析等手段研究了煤中类脂组及微类脂组的类型、含量、分布与煤成烃性能和产出的关系。观察分析结果表明：在一般煤岩组分观测中主要含煤的西山窑组和八道湾组煤层类脂组含量很少超过１０％，但是一些煤样的热解分析中Ｓ＿１可高达５－２３ｍｇ／ｇ，Ｓ＿２可达１５０─２００ｍｇ／ｇ，ＨＩ（烃／有机碳）可高达１５０─３５０ｍｇ／ｇ生烃、含烃性能较好。进一步用共聚焦激光显微镜观测结果表明：本区一些薄层状、条带状煤层的基质镜质体和叶结构镜质体中微类脂组含量比较丰富，微区定量统计含量在３％─１８％左右。这种富含微类脂组的基质镜质体和结构镜质体在煤成油气中有重要意义，而且由于多数微类脂体在煤中常成点线状、似层状、充填状、网络状分布，可能有利于煤成油气的运移和聚集。     

Microcrack networks in granite affected by a fault zone: Visualization by confocal laser scanning microscopy

Microcracks in the Cretaceous Ryoke-type granite in Japan were investigated by using deep drilling core samples collected in the Mizunami Underground Research Project of the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC). The granite body suffered brittle deformation associated with Tertiary thrust movement. Based on core-scale and microscopic deformation features, the drill core from a depth of 300 to 700 m is divided into four domains, i.e. (A) undeformed granite, (B) granite intruded by cataclastic seams, (C) fractured granite in the fault damage zone, and (D) foliated cataclasite at the fault center. To characterize microcrack geometries in each domain, we employed the impregnation method using a low-viscous acrylic resin doped with fluorescent agents and captured the microcrack images by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The CLSM image in the fault damage zone revealed anisotropic development of microcrack networks related to the fault movement. Both CLSM observation and porosity measurements reveal a drastic increase of micro-pores in the foliated cataclasite, possibly caused by fragmentation, and granulation and crack sealing in the fault zone.     

Confocal laser scanning microscopy and Raman imagery of ancient microscopic fossils

Among all problems confronting the study of ancient permineralized (petrified) microscopic fossils, two stand out, the need for (1) accurate documentation of their three-dimensional morphology, and (2) direct analysis of their chemical composition and that of their surrounding mineral matrices. To address these problems we demonstrate the use of two techniques that we have recently introduced to Precambrian paleobiology: confocal laser scanning microscopy and Raman imagery. These techniques, both of which are non-intrusive and non-destructive, can provide data by which to characterize, in situ and at micron-scale resolution, the cellular and organismal morphology of thin section-embedded organic-walled fossils. In addition, Raman imagery provides direct analyses of the molecular–structural composition of the kerogenous components of such fossils and of their surrounding matrices, and a means to assess quantitatively the geochemical maturity of the preserved organics. Use of these techniques for studies of ancient microscopic fossils can provide information in three dimensions at high spatial resolution about their morphology and cellular anatomy, taphonomy and fidelity of preservation, composition and mode of preservation, and their biogenicity and syngenetic origin with the rocks in which they occur.     

陆面模式CLSM的设计及性能检验Ⅰ.模式设计

在现有陆面模式的基础上,详细考虑了地气系统中的积雪、土壤水热传输、植被及湍流边界层中的各种物理过程,发展了一个既能反映积雪变化、干旱/半干旱区地气交换过程,同时又能描述不同陆面状况物理过程的陆面模式(Comprehensive Land Surface Model,简称CLSM),改善了陆面模式对全球范围内不同下垫面条件下的陆面过程及地-气交换过程的模拟能力.     

陆面模式CLSM的设计及性能检验II.模式检验

利用BOREAS,HEIFE,ARME,GAME-TIPEX等大量的陆面外场观测资料,针对不同类型的陆面过程,对所发展的陆面模式CLSM的性能进行检验.模拟结果与观测资料的对比分析表明:一方面,CLSM能够对积雪变化、干旱/半干旱地区的水热交换等特殊的陆面过程进行合理的描述;另一方面,CLSM对热带雨林地区的植被-大气相互作用、高原地气交换过程同样具有很强的模拟能力.CLSM解决了陆面模式对上述特殊下垫面描述能力有限的实际问题,保证了对特殊下垫面进行合理描述的同时,又保证了对其他不同陆面状况的模拟能力.CLSM改善了陆面模式对全球范围内不同下垫面条件下的陆面过程及地-气交换过程的模拟能力.     

青藏高原单点地气交换过程的模拟试验

利用GAME-Tibet 1998 IOPs的外场观测资料,采用单点陆面过程气柱模式CLSM对青藏高原的昌都(Amdo)站和改则(Gaize)站的地气交换过程进行了模拟试验,模拟结果与观测分析的对比表明：模式对两个站陆面特征的变化和陆气之间的交换给出了比较合理的模拟结果,模拟结果与观测结果较一致。这在一定程度上表明,CLSM模式具有描述夏季高原地区两种不同下垫面陆面状况基本过程的能力。     

Numerical Simulation of the Evolution of Snow Cover and Its Sensitivity Experiments

By using Comprehensive Land Surface Model (CLSM), three snow cases, i.e., France Col de Porte 1993/1994, 1994/1995 and BOREAS SSA-OJP 1994/1995, were simulated. The simulated results were compared with the observations to examine the capability of the model to describe the evolutions of snow cover under two different land cover conditions. Several sensitivity experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the parameterization schemes of some snow cover internal processes and vegetation on the model results. Results suggest that the CLSM simulates the basic processes of snow cover accurately and describes the features of snow cover evolutions reasonably, indicating that the model has the potential to model the processes related to the snow cover evolution. It is also found that the different parameterization schemes of the snowfall density and snow water holding capacity have significant effects on the simulation of snow cover. The estimation of snowfall density mainly impacts the simulated snow depth, and the underestimation (overestimation) of the snowfall density increases (decreases) the snow depth simulated significantly but with little effect on the simulated snow water equivalent (SWE). The parameterization of the snow water holding capacity plays a crucial role in the evolution of snow cover, especially in the ablation of snow cover. Larger snow water holding capacity usually leads to larger snow density and heat capacity by storing more liquid water in the snow layer, and makes the temperature of snow cover and the snow ablation vary more slowly. To a smaller snow water holding capacity, contrary is the case. The results also show that the physical processes related to the snow cover variation are different, which are dependent on the vegetation existed. Vegetation plays an important role in the evolution of soil-snow system by changing the energy balance at the snow-soil surface. The existence of vegetation is favorable to the maintenance of snow cover and delays the increase of underlying soil temperature.