基于案例推理的海洋涡旋特征信息空间相似性研究

目前对海洋涡旋的分析主要采用水团、近海海流分析和数值模拟方法,这些方法结合不同的区域资料已经有过很多成功的研究。但面对日益增长的多源、大面积海洋遥感数据,在快速自动化提取海洋涡旋的空间信息方面还存在很多难题。因此该文针对海洋涡旋空间信息的快速定量分析问题,提出了基于案例推理(Case-Based Reasoning,CBR)的海洋涡旋空间相似性研究方法。该方法首先采用多源数据(遥感数据、遥感反演数据、观测数据等)进行历史涡旋案例定量分析,并构建基于CBR的海洋涡旋案例表达模型和历史案例库;继而采用“基于重心矢径的序列分析方法”进行历史涡旋空间相似性分析,并结合典型的海洋涡旋区域给出具体实例。研究结果表明该方法是可行的。     

Silica fume stabilization of an expansive clay subgrade and the effect of silica fume-stabilised soil cushion on its CBR

ABSTRACT

Expansive soil subgrades, which are subjected to dual swell-shrink problem consequent upon absorption and evaporation of water, need to be improved by chemical stabilization or compacted cushion or geosynthetic reinforcement in order that pavements constructed over them are even, stable and safe. This paper presents extensive experimental data on plasticity, free swell index (FSI) and compaction characteristics of a highly swelling expansive clay stabilized with varying silica fume contents. In another series of tests on a laterite soil to be used as a cushion over the expansive clay subgrade, plasticity properties, compaction characteristics and strength characteristics were determined at varied silica fume contents. Further, CBR of the expansive clay subgrade was determined in the laboratory stabilizing it with varied silica fume contents and providing a cushion of 50 mm thickness of silica fume-stabilized lateritic soil. Liquid limit (LL), plasticity index (PI) and free swell index (FSI) of the expansive clay decreased with increasing silica fume contents. The compaction and strength characteristics of both the soils improved with silica fume stabilization. The CBR of the expansive clay provided with silica fume-stabilized cushion improved significantly.     

花岗岩残积土填料路用工程特性室内试验研究

为了研究花岗岩残积土的路用工程特性,通过击实试验、承载比CBR试验、固结试验以及室内基床系数试验分析了该类材料压实性能及基本力学特性,对压实度为92%的最优含水率和饱和压实土样进行了循环加载试验,研究了动力荷载作用下土体的变形特性。结果表明,花岗岩残积土在K为91%～97%时压实功效率较高,提高压实度对于增强土体局部抗变形能力较为有效;采用室内三轴法得到的基床系数K30值为188.25 MPa/m;最优含水率下花岗岩残积土动力变形稳定性较好,但含水率增加会大幅度增加土体塑性变形,降低土的动弹性模量,不利于变形稳定。所以作为路堤填料,应考虑作为受气候与动荷载影响较小的下路堤备用填料,作为铁路路堤本体及公路上、下路路床填料,应在进行土性改良且满足要求的论证基础上取舍。研究成果可为花岗岩残积土填料的工程应用及土体改良提供技术参考。     

玄武岩纤维加筋黄土承载比试验研究

为研究纤维加筋黄土CBR值影响因素及纤维增强土体机理,以短切玄武岩纤维为筋材,通过改变土体含水率、纤维长度、纤维含量、击实次数、浸水时间等条件进行加州承载比试验,探究初始含水率、纤维参数及试验方法对加筋土局部抗剪强度的影响规律。结果表明:纤维加筋土CBR值随含水率的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,存在“施工最优含水率”且相比击实试验最优含水率高1%～3%左右;纤维加筋土CBR值高于黄土CBR值,确定纤维长度20 mm,纤维含量0.4%为最优配比;击实次数从30击增加到98击,黄土CBR值提高273%,纤维加入后CBR值提高327%,加筋作用使土体通过提高击实功来提升强度的效果更加显著;浸水对试样CBR值影响较大,浸水时间对试样CBR值影响较小,且纤维的加入使试样对浸水时间的敏感度进一步降低,加筋土浸水2 d后强度降低54%,浸水4 d后强度降低58%。     

基于费用效益分析的建筑物加固决策体系研究

突发地震灾害往往带来巨大的生命财产损失,对建筑物进行科学合理的震前加固及震后功能快速修复;对降低地震灾害损失具有重要意义。通过定义社会贴现率和残值率等加固效益分析评价参数,基于加固费用模型和地震直接经济损失模型进行了加固费用现值与效益现值计算;采用费用效益比（Cost-Benefit Ratio,CBR）作为评价指标对建筑物进行加固决策分析,并最终建立了相应的加固决策体系。最后将提出的理论、模型及方法集成于课题组研发的"中国地震灾害损失评估系统（CEDLAS）"补充建立加固决策分析模块,进而通过陕西省灞桥区的综合应用示范,验证所建立的加固决策体系的合理性。研究可为政府制定在役建筑物的加固决策提供科学依据。     

A field application for lime stabilization

This study presents the improvements achieved as a result of the lime stabilization application conducted by the joint effort of the Turkish Association of Lime Industrialists and the General Directorate of Rural Services on the 200 m long section of the Ankara Province Yukar? Yurtçu Village road where green and brown clays are dominant. The study also numerically demonstrates the impacts of these improvements on the road section based on the results of various laboratory and field tests. The lime stabilization in field conditions was performed with 5% lime for both clays and was applied as a 30 cm thick single layer. In the soaked California bearing-ratio (CBR) tests conducted in the laboratory, increases that reach up from 16 and 21 times compared to initial soaked CBR values were observed in green and brown clays, respectively, at the end of 28 days. The high increases observed in soaked CBR values would reduce the upper layer thickness of the roads. The similar improvements are also achieved in unconfined compression and plate loading tests. The comparisons performed with the plate loading tests clearly demonstrated the behavior of the surface to lime and its cure impact.     

矿渣胶凝材料固化软土的力学性状及机制

利用矿渣胶凝材料固化软土,既可利用工业废渣,又能减少水泥的用量。以矿渣胶凝材料固化黏土、砂土二种软土。发现矿渣胶凝材料加固软土的效果远好于水泥、石灰,其9 %掺量的固化土28 d的无侧限强度达到2.0 MPa以上,普遍高于15 %掺量的水泥固化土,且其28 d固化土的软化系数普遍高于90 %以上,固化黏土后CBR值远高于同掺量的石灰固化土。X衍射结构分析表明,矿渣胶凝材料水化时产生的高强难溶的矿物晶体是其固化软土效果好的主要原因。因此,矿渣胶凝材料是一种性能优异的软土加固材料。     

土地利用变化预测CBR方法的适应性分析

研究土地利用变化的方法很多,常见的有统计回归方法、概率统计方法、系统动力学方法、元胞自动机方法以及贝叶斯网络方法等。这些方法都各具特点,并得到了实际应用。虽然有些研究指出了一些方法的优点和不足,但是对其在土地利用变化问题上的适应性研究还比较有限。案例推理（Case Based Reasoning,简称CBR）作为研究土地利用变化的一种新方法,目前同样缺乏适应性方面的研究。因此,本文在土地利用的CBR方法的研究基础上,具体探讨该方法在土地利用变化预测上的适应性问题。研究分别从案例的选取方式、模型指标的选取以及指标权重的设定3个方面开展,通过对比试验以深入讨论3个方面的因素对预测精度的影响。研究结果显示,在历史案例丰富的情况下,通过选择重要的指标,并对其赋予较高权重,可以保证CBR方法在预测土地利用变化时的稳定性。此外,CBR中＂地理环境＂组分的引入,有效地提高了土地利用变化预测的精度。研究表明,CBR在解决土地利用变化问题上具有简单灵活、适用范围广、预测精度高以及保持形态稳定的特点,是一种解决地学问题的新方法。     

Active Soils of the Niger Delta in Road Pavement Design and Construction

Active soils existing to irreplaceable extents (both laterally and vertically) within the freshwater zone of the Niger delta are known and have been shown to be highly undesirable in their natural forms for road construction. This is because they swell extensively in the rainy season and shrink proportionately in the dry months together with any structure including road pavement constructed with or placed on them. In this paper, four samples of these soils collected from across the Niger delta were subjected to chemical stabilization with slaked-lime and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) to reduce swelling potential while resulting mixtures (corresponding to tolerable swelling limits) were stabilized with Portland cement to improve strength. First, swell indicator (i.e. 24-h free swell index) was found to diminish with increasing stabilizer content while for combined plot (independent of location/percentage fines), about 10.7% and 6% slaked-lime and CaCl₂ were found to be required to achieve the minimum (2.5% free swell) tolerable, normal or non-swell soil condition. Under this condition and for individual soil materials, addition of cement was found to enhance continual increase in MDD, soaked-CBR and durability index such that the soil becomes better compactible, stronger and more durable with increasing cement content. About 2.6% and 14.6% cement contents were found needed to respectively produce sub-base and base-course materials in roadworks with the latter much more durable than the former. The graphs so obtain could also constitute a complete graphical model for preparing deltaic active soils for use as road pavement materials.     

干拌水泥碎石桩加固机理研究及工程实例分析

对干拌水泥碎石桩的概念和加固机理进行了阐述,探讨了干拌水泥碎石桩的施工工艺,并且通过工程实例,对检测数据进行分析,进一步证明该加固方法能够提高路基压实度,成功适用于软土地基的处理。