Instability and geotechnical problems of the Buddha niches and surrounding cliff in Bamiyan Valley,central Afghanistan

This paper describes the slope-instability processes and geological hazards affecting the historical site of Bamiyan, central Afghanistan, a major world-cultural heritage site. Here, two standing Buddhas carved in rock during the 2nd–4th centuries A.D. were destroyed by the Taliban in March 2001. There are very evident slope instabilities resulting from both explosions and natural processes: rock slides and rock falls had already occurred in the past and most areas are prone to collapse. Under the coordination of UNESCO, field data were collected and laboratory tests were performed to determine mechanisms for potential evolution of the cliff and niches. Areas of greatest instability, based on the field survey and data interpretation for both the small and great Buddha niches and surrounding cliff, were determined. This information helps to identify the most suitable method for restoration, in accord with the high cultural value of this site.     

浅析“大同睡佛”断块山地貌景观的成因及保护

地质遗迹是地球发展变化过程中给人类留下的宝贵财富,具有科研价值、学术价值及观赏价值.“大同睡佛”断块山地貌景观与大同云冈石窟遥相呼应,对发展当地的旅游事业有重要意义.根据“大同睡佛”断块山地貌景观区的地质特征探讨了其形成原因,提出了对大同保护措施建议.     

乐山大佛风化剥蚀及渗水病害防治对策

世界遗产乐山大佛位于四川盆地西南部丘陵区,由白垩系夹关组（K1j）紫红色砂岩雕刻而成,但砂岩风化强烈,给大佛的保护带来极大的困难。长期以来,乐山大佛的保护受到国内外多方关注,众多专家学者进行了潜心研究,相关部门也采取了许多保护措施。但乐山大佛的保护目前仍面临两个主要问题,一是大佛遭受日晒雨淋、风化剥蚀,二是佛身受到渗水病害威胁。要保护好乐山大佛,就必须彻底解决上述两个问题。通过对乐山大佛风化剥蚀及渗水病害机理的探讨,有针对性地提出了相应解决办法和治理措施。     

近景摄影测量用于直接生成塑像施工图纸

对高 6.1 9m的塑像模型实施近景摄影测量以直接生成高 61 .9m铜表面塑像的施工图纸。本文报道此工程中建立精度为± 0 .0 5 mm的特高精度工业测量控制网、在解析测图仪上同时处理 4个像对、对塑像进行表面处理、统计塑像耗铜量以及直接提供铜塑像施工图纸等项研究成果。与相仿工程相比较 ,本工程的资金投入与耗时有大幅度的减少     

Shake table tests of unattached,asymmetric, dual‐body systems

Systems of unattached, or freestanding, structures are highly vulnerable to damage and/or collapse during an earthquake, as evidenced during numerous past events. This class of structural system includes statue–pedestal systems, multidrum columns, radiation shields, unreinforced masonry walls, and other mechanical and electrical equipment. While a number of studies have analyzed the response of the single rocking block, very few have tested the response of multiple block systems subjected to earthquakes. Therefore, this paper details an extensive shake table testing campaign in which the seismic response of a pair of stiff, unattached blocks, herein referred to as a dual‐body system, was evaluated. Experimental variables include the geometry, including asymmetry, of both top (tower) and bottom (pedestal) bodies, input motion, and the coefficient of friction beneath the system. Furthermore, the tower structures were tested both in dual‐body configurations as well as in single‐body configurations allowing an understanding of the effect of the pedestal. The tests indicate that the presence of a pedestal increases the likelihood of collapse and amplitude of rocking demands, in general. However, certain geometric and interface combinations yield a more stable tower in a dual‐body configuration compared to a single‐body configuration, because of the dependence of the pedestal response on the geometry of the tower. Furthermore, a low‐friction interface beneath the pedestal reduces demands on the tower. However, this low‐friction interface may still transfer long‐period contributions of the input motion to the tower, which may be detrimental to its response. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shake table tests of stiff,unattached, asymmetric structures

Stiff, unattached structures are highly vulnerable to damage and failure during an earthquake, as evidenced following numerous past events. This class of structures encompasses a wide range of objects and systems such as electrical transformers, radiation shields, office furniture, and marble statues. The vulnerability of these objects is exacerbated when it is highly asymmetric and unattached. Although a number of studies have focused on rigid blocks, few have concentrated on blocks with asymmetric geometries. In an effort to better understand the implications of asymmetries, an extensive shake table testing campaign including more than 150 tests was conducted. These tests incorporate a systematic variation of the mass eccentricities of stiff, unattached structures. The primary modes of rocking, sliding, and twisting as well as interactive modes were recorded for the duration of numerous earthquake motions. The magnitude and direction of response are experimentally correlated with the geometric variations in the various models. These tests indicate that even for symmetric structures with uniaxial shaking, multiple modes and three‐dimensional responses are probable. Furthermore, certain asymmetric geometries exhibited both increased rocking (and overturning) as well as increased sliding when compared with their symmetric counterparts. A final aspect of this study compared the free rocking response of symmetric and asymmetric structures to classical, two‐dimensional rocking analysis. While the theoretical values for the coefficient of restitution yielded a significant overestimation in the simulation (up to ≈90%), reduced coefficients greatly improved the performance of the model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural deterioration and conservation treatment of the granite standing Buddha of Daejosa Temple, Republic of Korea

The Daejosa Buddha is formed of highly weathered coarse grained biotite granite. The main body is dark green due to a covering of lichens. The main body of the Buddha has developed nearly vertical, horizontal and oblique joint systems. Results of physical properties for the rock samples from the Daejosa Buddha are lower than for normal fresh granite as the primary minerals of the host rocks have been altered to clay and iron hydroxide minerals. Spore and mycelium of green algaes and some plants cover the surface of the standing Buddha and fill the pore space of the surrounding rocks. Considering the weathering and state of deterioration, the Buddha statue requires conservation treatment. Restoration may be largely divided into the head part, upper and lower parts, and the back side of the Buddha. The head and the cap rock were joined and restored with unslaked lime filling. The head and stone crown of the Buddha were fitted and restored using an epoxy type resin with high viscosity that was mixed with granite powder and talc as petro-fillers. For the back side, resin was applied for reinforcement. Araldite and hardener of low viscosity that were used with the addition of glass fibers. Finally, texture and color matching treatments were carried out.     

四川乐山大佛风化的初步探讨

四川乐山大佛石刻是我国重要的“世界文化与自然遗产”之一,石刻表面毁损非常严重。本文通过（1）检测石刻所在地区粉砂岩的样品成分（XRFS）获悉,SiO₂含量高达84%;（2）安装微侵蚀测量装置（MEM）直接测得粉砂岩的表面侵蚀速率大约为0.216～0.305mm/a;结合（3）粉砂岩表面的相对硬度测试比较等途径,对石刻毁损的表面过程机制进行了初步的综合分析。结果表明,由于粉砂岩结构松散,经水浸后表面硬度急剧下降,而且当地的水、气等条件适宜于生物繁衍等特点,石刻风化毁损的原因主要在于水、生物等环境因素对粉砂岩胶结物有强烈的破坏作用。     

会善寺大雄宝殿结构动力性能分析

为更好保护会善寺大雄宝殿,对会善寺大雄宝殿进行了现场调研,结合点云技术建立并验证其数值分析模型,研究了大雄宝殿的动力特性及在多遇地震作用下的动力响应。结果表明:结构基本自振周期为1.82s,体现石木结构长周期特性;在纵向多遇地震作用下,前檐木柱变形大于后檐石柱,结构除平动外还存在扭转;在横向多遇地震作用下,明间与次间木屋架有较大横向位移差,连接明间与次间木屋架的檩条和枋等纵向构件可能出现较大滑移并导致屋盖错位;在双向地震作用下,结构纵向和横向最大位移是单向地震作用下的1.1~1.2倍,扭转效应比单向地震作用下大。研究结果可为会善寺大雄宝殿及同类建筑的维修加固提供理论支持。     

乐山大佛旅游资源的国内旅游价值评估

首先介绍了评估非市场物品价值最有效的方法--旅行费用法的理论基础,并提出了确定多目的地旅游权重和闲暇时间的机会成本的方法,计算得出乐山大佛景区的旅游权重为0.0774,时间机会价值取工资率的40%.以实际调查资料为基础,利用费用支出法计算得出乐山大佛景区2003年旅行费用支出为4.08亿元,利用机会成本法计算得出其旅游时间价值为0.67亿元,利用旅行费用法计算得出其消费者剩余为8.42亿元,国内旅游价值等于三者之和,为13.18亿元.表明乐山大佛的国内旅游价值是相当高的,其值主要受到旅行费用支出的影响,当然也受到国内外旅游业的发展形势、乐山地区的旅游政策、旅游规划及景点建设和管理等因素的影响.