Morphotectonic evidence from lateral propagation of an active frontal fold; Pakuashan anticline, foothills of Taiwan

The Pakuashan anticline is uniquely suited for study of the forward and lateral growth of fault-related folds. The Pakuashan ridge development arises from the late Quaternary uplift of the most external thrust zone of the western foothills of Taiwan. From Kaoshiung to Taichung, recent and active westward thrusting occurs at the front of the foothills. The Pakuashan anticline, trending N 150°E in the northern part to N 000° in the southern part, has been active throughout the Quaternary period. This activity is marked by geological structures, tectonic geomorphology and seismicity. A multisource and multiscale approach to study of the continental collision setting has been undertaken to combine tectonics, sedimentology and geomorphology. Studies of fracture patterns allow identification of two main features of stress orientations: a WNW/ESE compression direction, and E–W and N–S extension directions. Quantitative geomorphic parameters have been used to define the morphotectonic evolution and to infer tectonic style along the mountain front. Geomorphic evidence provides significant information on the processes that govern lateral propagation of an active anticline. Quaternary terraces are uplifted, tilted and folded over the Pakuashan ridge. Drainage systems in areas of active compression give information on the thrust zone structures and their development. Steep drainage and high local relief indicate that the Pakuashan anticline forms a well-defined zone of high uplift, especially in the southern part. The two main controls on drainage in that area are rock strength in the hanging wall and propagation of the deformation towards the south.     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵硼硅酸盐矿物组合硅硼镁铝矿-硼柱晶石-电气石的形成过程及其岩石学意义

东南极拉斯曼丘陵长英质片麻岩中产出大量的电气石-硼柱晶石-硅硼镁铝矿之硼硅酸盐矿物组合,这些矿物(电气石除外)的形成晚于变质峰期一般的硅酸盐矿物。电气石可多次出现,硅硼镁铝矿之后形成硼柱晶石,很少见两种以上的硼硅酸盐矿物能够同时结晶,各种硼硅酸盐矿物在同一期、甚至同一阶段内呈递进关系。在硼硅酸盐矿物的结晶过程中,B₂O₃和Al₂O₃较为活动,从而SiO₂的活度相对受到抑制,即存在组分的分异和活性波动,表明络阴离子SiO₄^4-、PO₄^3-、BO₃^3-活动高峰并非同步,因而,挥发分组分对深熔作用的影响可能是有限的;同时,结晶的金属阳离子组分不断发生分异。不同的硼硅酸盐矿物形成的介质条件有所差异：电气石形成于富钙的弱酸性溶液,硅硼镁铝矿应为近中-碱性溶液介质,而硼柱晶石形成于含少量氟的偏碱性介质环境。除温压因素外,流体挥发分种类和介质条件也影响到硼硅酸矿物的多期次、多阶段的变化,从而造成矿物组合的复杂性。本区长英质岩石中硼(B)及其他挥发分组分的较高含量可由原岩成分决定,亦可经由变质-深熔作用引起,即深熔作用时熔体的整体优先吸收硼(硼的第一次富集)及随后熔体结晶阶段的局部残留和富集硼(硼的第二次富集)。Gdd-Prs-Trn硼硅酸盐矿物组合的存在,表明发生了以脱水为主的高级变质作用,同时伴随强烈的深熔作用。挥发分组分在露头尺度体系中可能属于开放性质,而在更大尺度和范围内则基本封闭;在深熔作用中,硼等挥发分的存在影响了熔体的组成,使得岩浆熔点降低、熔融成分调整,粘度有所降低,更容易运移;而且,熔体可以携带这些挥发分,当熔体结晶时挥发分析出、结晶,局部富集而形成硼硅酸盐矿物,尤其是沿着一些构造有利部位发生显著的聚集。