藻类分子生物技术两年评─—与藻类活性物质研究有关的生物技术

根据1992年6月—1994年6月国内外发表资料，评述海洋藻类活性物质研究的生物技术及最新成果。认为，海洋生物活性物质研究的重心正转向与海洋生物技术有关的研究。运用生物技术筛选、提取并生产藻类活性物质已经成为这一领域的主流。综合文献表明，藻类活性物质研究的生物技术正走向成熟，大量的活性物质被发现，光生物反应器将成为主要的下游生产技术，通过藻类基因工程生产药物已初现端倪。     

转基因微藻作为新型生物反应器的研究进展

转基因微藻作为生物反应器生产生物活性物质已成为基因工程研究的热点之一。目前以转基因微藻作为生物反应器的技术并不十分成熟,然而许多科研人员及生物医药公司将微藻作为新型生物反应器生产有用的外源蛋白。本文对微藻生物反应器构建中的有效核转化方法的建立、转基因微藻中所用的启动子、筛选标记、稳定表达等问题进行了综述,同时介绍了目前转化成功的以及未来可能转化成功的有潜在应用价值的微藻。     

Design of drainage blankets for leachate recirculation in bioreactor landfills using two-phase flow modeling

Drainage blankets (DB) are used for leachate recirculation in bioreactor landfills and consist of highly permeable material placed over a large area of the landfill with the leachate injection pipe embedded in the material at specified locations. DBs are generally installed at different depth levels during the waste filling operations. Very limited information is reported on performance of DBs, and that which exists is based on a small number of field monitoring and modeling studies. A rational method for the design of landfills using DBs has not been developed. This study performs a parametric analysis based on a validated two-phase flow model and presents design charts to guide the design of DBs for given hydraulic properties of MSW, the leachate injection rate and the dimensions and locations of the DB as measured from the leachate collection and recirculation system (LCRS) located at the bottom of the landfill cell. Numerical simulations were performed for the two established MSW conditions: homogeneous–isotropic and heterogeneous–anisotropic waste. The optimal levels of leachate saturation, wetted width, wetted area and developed pore water and pore gas pressures were determined, and design charts using the normalized parameters were developed. An example is presented on the use of design charts for typical field application.     

H2S Emissions from a Submerged Pilot‐Scale Fixed Bed Biofilm Reactor

A study was performed in two submerged, pilot‐scale biofilm bioreactors operated under different conditions to determine the relationship between the operating parameters and H₂S emission. H₂S was always detected in the exhaust air at concentrations varying from 1 to 353 ppm_v. The specific aeration rate was the most influencing parameter, with As < 30 kg COD (dissolved oxygen concentrations <4 mg L^?1) increasing noticeably the H₂S production. The periodical removal of the accumulated sludge reduced H₂S emissions by ～14%.     

Biological copper extraction from melting furnaces dust of Sarcheshmeh copper mine

This paper deals with bacterial leaching of copper dust emanating from furnaces at Sarcheshmeh copper complex. Regarding the considerable amount of acid leachable copper, a sulphuric acid leaching process was performed prior to bacterial leaching. Some shake flask and then bioreactor tests were conducted using a mixed culture of Acidithiobacilli and the effect of significant parameters such as culture medium, pulp density and bacterial inoculation rate were investigated. By increasing the pulp density because of higher toxicity and shear stress much more microorganisms and richer nutrient medium were needed. Favoured conditions that governed the agitated bioreactors caused a remarkable promotion in metal dissolution rate in comparison with shake flask. Copper recovery by bacterial leaching in shaking flasks and chemical leaching after 22 d were 87% and 38%, respectively. At the same condition, the maximum copper recovery in bioreactor was 91% within 6.5 d.     

Laboratory experiment and numerical simulation on authigenic mineral formation induced by seabed methane seeps

In natural gas hydrate marine settings, cold seepage of methane fluid is a widely observed phenomenon, where authigenic minerals serve as an indication of potential gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs at depth. In this study, based on the data from the site HD196 near Dongsha Island, northern continental slope of South China Sea, laboratory experiments and numerical simulation studies were conducted to investigate the biogeochemical processes of authigenic mineral formation induced by methane seepage. The bioreactor experimental results show that in response to methane flux, pH increased to 8.5 after 20 days of reaction, and Eh declined rapidly first and then remained unchanged at about 100 mV. The decrease in SO₄²⁻, HS⁻ and HCO₃⁻ concentrations indicated the occurrence of anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled with sulfate reduction (AOM-SR). The depletion of Fe²⁺ implied the formation of iron-bearing minerals, e.g., iron sulfides. Carbonate minerals were also identified in the experimental phase of this study. Most iron sulfides existed as massive pieces, and in some cases as spherical or rod-shape pieces. The calcium carbonates were observed as blocky pieces. Numerical simulations were also performed to reproduce the biogeochemical reactions that occurred in the reactor experiments. Based on experimental data, kinetic parameters associated with the observed reactions were calibrated. The model simulated results are general consistent with those obtained by the experiments conducted in this study. The combination of simulation and experimental studies provided a powerful tool to investigate the biogeochemical processes in the methane leakage environment at different temporal and spatial scales. This study gave a new perspective to understand the formation of cold seep authigenic minerals in marine sediments, and was significant for future investigations on the effects of hydrate decomposition.     

Permeability of Municipal Solid Waste in Bioreactor Landfill with Degradation

Bioreactor landfills are operated for rapid stabilization of waste, increased landfill gas generation for cost-effective energy recovery, gain in landfill space, enhanced leachate treatment, and reduced post closure maintenance period. The fundamental process of waste stabilization in bioreactor landfill is recirculation of generated leachate back into the landfills. This creates a favorable environment for rapid microbial decomposition of the biodegradable solid waste. In order to better estimate the generated leachate and design of leachate recirculation system, clear understanding of the permeability of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) with degradation and the factors influencing the permeability is necessary. The objective of the paper is to determine the changes in hydraulic properties of MSW in bioreactor landfill with time and decomposition. Four small-scale bioreactor landfills were built in laboratory and samples were prepared to represent each phase of decomposition. Then, the changes in hydraulic properties of MSW in bioreactor landfill with time and decomposition were determined. A series of constant head permeability tests were performed on the samples generated in laboratory scale bioreactor landfills to determine variation of permeability of MSW with degradation. The test results indicated that the permeability of MSW in bioreactor landfills decreases with decomposition. Based on the test results, the permeability of MSW at the first phase of degradation was estimated as 0.0088 cm/s at density 700 kg/m³. However, with degradation, permeability decreased to 0.0013 cm/s at the same density, for MSW at Phase IV.