甘肃第四纪古地理环境

第四纪在全球性冰期和间冰期气候影响下，甘肃气候呈干旱、寒冷与温暖、湿润交替变化。沉积物以灰色格调为主，水平和垂直分带规律明显，成因类型复杂。各地区在小气候影响下植被发育不平衡。总的看来，以干旱区系草本植物为主，喜温暖湿热的木本植物较少，一般呈荒漠草原型和疏林草原型，局部为森林草原型。动物群的分布和古人类的发展受古地理环境影响：早更新世早期以大型哺乳动物为主；早更新世晚期和中更新世以穴居的鼠兔类为主；晚更新世以干旱—半干旱草原型动物群为特征；全新世在适宜条件下人类文化得到发展，部分野生动物在人类豢养下成为家畜     

中国海水经济(养殖)动物种质资源元数据库的概念、内容与体系

随着中国海水养殖业的大力发展，其种质资源保护和种质保存的研究日趋广泛，由此获得的数据越来越多，人们对这些数据的共享要求也越来越迫切。种质资源元数据库建立的目的在于将大量分散的资料在新的层次上系统地加以收集、整理和补充，使动物种质信息管理规范化，提高整体管理水平，并逐步实现网络化和资源共享，使海水经济 动物种质资源和种质库的研究成果得到充分有效地利用，发挥其科学价值和社会价值。所以，为有效地进行海水经济动物遗传多样性保护， 为向海水养殖业和科学研究提供优良种质信息，为政府部门提供决策信息，促进中国养殖业的可持续发展，建立海洋经济动物种质资源信息系统元数据库是很有必要和迫切的。     

郎溪十字铺茶园土壤环境与土壤动物

这是一篇有关茶园土壤环境和土壤动物关系的调查研究。通过对不同种植年限、不同产量和土壤类型茶园取样调查,基本摸清茶园土壤动物的组成、数量和分布,找出了茶园土壤动物的优势和常见类群。并通过六个样地的对比得出:茶树种植时间愈久,产量愈高,随着土壤理化性质变化,土壤动物愈丰富。根据斯皮尔曼等级相关系数分析证明,土壤动物的丰富度与土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷含量和土壤容重大小呈正相关,达到极密切和密切程度;与土壤PH值大小呈负相关,达到密切程度;黄红壤中土壤动物类群数明显高于黄棕壤。     

Income,consumer preferences,and the future of livestock-derived food demand

In recent decades there has been a sustained and substantial shift in human diets across the globe towards including more livestock-derived foods. Continuing debates scrutinize how these dietary shifts affect human health, the natural environment, and livelihoods. However, amidst these debates there remain unanswered questions about how demand for livestock-derived foods may evolve over the upcoming decades for a range of scenarios for key drivers of change including human population, income, and consumer preferences. Future trends in human population and income in our scenarios were sourced from three of the shared socioeconomic pathways. We used scenario-based modeling to show that average protein demand for red meat (beef, sheep, goats, and pork), poultry, dairy milk, and eggs across the globe would increase by 14% per person and 38% in total between the year 2020 and the year 2050 if trends in income and population continue along a mid-range trajectory. The fastest per person rates of increase were 49% in South Asia and 55% in sub-Saharan Africa. We show that per person demand for red meat in high-income countries would decline by 2.8% if income elasticities of demand (a partial proxy for consumer preferences, based on the responsiveness of demand to income changes) in high-income countries decline by 100% by 2050 under a mid-range trajectory for per person income growth, compared to their current trajectory. Prices are an important driver of demand, and our results demonstrate that the result of a decline in red meat demand in high-income countries is strongly related to rising red meat prices, as projected by our scenario-based modeling. If the decline in the income elasticity of demand occurred in all countries rather than only in high-income countries, then per person red meat demand in high-income countries would actually increase in 2050 by 8.9% because the income elasticity-driven decline in global demand reduces prices, and the effect of lower prices outweighs the effect of a decline in the income elasticity of demand. Our results demonstrate the importance of interactions between income, prices, and the income elasticity of demand in projecting future demand for livestock-derived foods. We complement the existing literature on food systems and global change by providing quantitative evidence about the possible space for the future demand of livestock-derived foods, which has important implications for human health and the natural environment.     

小兴安岭森林落叶分解与土壤动物的作用

在小兴安岭地区对 12种落叶分解过程和土壤动物作用进行了研究。采用不同网孔分解样袋 ,排出不同类别土壤动物作用的方法。结果表明 ,落叶分解消耗率 :大孔 >小孔 >对照 ,即大型、中小型土壤动物和微生物的共同作用 >中小型土壤动物和微生物的共同作用 >只微生物的作用。三年平均分解消耗率分别是 2 8.9% (大孔 )、 2 8.2 % (小孔 )和 2 6.2 % (对照 ) ,到第三年末 ,三种样袋 12种落叶平均分解程度分别达到 86.7% (大孔 )、 84 .6% (小孔 )和 78.7% (对照 )。分解初期土壤动物的作用逐渐增大 ,到第二年 10月土壤动物的作用达到了最大值 ,随后土壤动物的作用逐渐降低 ,大型土壤动物的作用小于中小型土壤动物的作用。落叶种类不同 ,分解时间不同 ,土壤动物作用也不同。     

An edible fruit from the Jurassic of China

Frugivory is an important ecological tie between animals and angiosperms. It plays an important role in the evolution of food webs and energy flow networks in the ecosystem. However, little is known about how old this relationship can be due to lack of relevant fossil evidence. Here, the authors report a fossil fruit, Jurafructus gen. nov., a putative angiosperm from the Middle–Late Jurassic (>164 Ma) of Daohugou Village, Inner Mongolia, China, which provides the currently earliest evidence of frugivory. The fossil is a more or less three-dimensionally preserved coalified drupe that has been damaged by animals in two different ways. The pericarp, in addition to the seed coat surrounding parenchyma seed contents, is suggestive of an angiospermous affinity, as such a 3+3 structure is distinct from a three-layered seed coat in gymnosperms. The seed possesses a distal micropyle, attached on the base of the pericarp, suggestive of a former orthotropous ovule in the gynoecium. The damaged pericarp of Jurafructus suggests that frugivory can be dated back to the Middle–Late Jurassic. Apparently, the ecological relationship between angiosperms and animals extends deep into the fossil record.     

Environmental sensor networks for vegetation,animal and soil sciences

Environmental sensor networks (ESNs) provide new opportunities for improving our understanding of the environment. In contrast to remote sensing technologies where measurements are made from large distances (e.g. satellite imagery, aerial photography, airborne radiometric surveys), ESNs focus on measurements that are made in close proximity to the target environmental phenomenon. Sensors can be used to collect a much larger number of measurements, which are quantitative and repeatable. They can also be deployed in locations that may otherwise be difficult to visit regularly. Sensors that are commonly used in the environmental sciences include ground-based multispectral vegetation sensors, soil moisture sensors, GPS tracking and bioacoustics for tracking movement in wild and domesticated animals. Sensors may also be coupled with wireless networks to more effectively capture, synthesise and transmit data to decision-makers. The climate and weather monitoring domains provide useful examples of how ESNs can provide real-time monitoring of environmental change (e.g. temperature, rainfall, sea-surface temperature) to many users. The objective of this review is to examine state-of-the-art use of ESNs for three environmental monitoring domains: (a) terrestrial vegetation, (b) animal movement and diversity, and (c) soil. Climate and aquatic monitoring sensor applications are so extensive that they are beyond the scope of this review. In each of the three application domains (vegetation, animals and soils) we review the technologies, the attributes that they sense and briefly examine the technical limitations. We conclude with a discussion of future directions.